Layer 2

Lattice Jolt is a new generation of zero-knowledge virtual machine (zkVM) introduced by a16z Crypto, built on the Jolt zkVM framework. Instead of developing an entirely new virtual machine, Lattice Jolt’s main advancement lies in its underlying cryptographic architecture: it replaces the Dory polynomial commitment scheme, previously based on elliptic curve cryptography, with Akita, which utilizes the Module-SIS lattice assumption. With this transition to lattice-based cryptography, Jolt now offers enhanced post-quantum security capabilities.

L2 trading volume and sequencer revenue are on the rise, but do these business metrics actually contribute to Ethereum’s value? This analysis examines the link between L2 revenue and Ethereum protocol value, clarifying how Blob fees, ETH demand, brand premium, and the right to final settlement are interconnected.

Arbitrum is an optimistic rollup Layer 2 network for Ethereum, developed by Offchain Labs and governed by ArbitrumDAO. Transactions execute on Layer 2, then get compressed and posted back to Ethereum for settlement, which lowers fees while preserving Ethereum-level security assumptions. ARB serves as the governance token, and network gas is paid in ETH.

Arbitrum earns revenue from Robinhood Chain through the Arbitrum Expansion Program (AEP), which requires chains built on the Arbitrum stack that settle outside Arbitrum One and Arbitrum Nova to route 10% of net protocol revenue back to the Arbitrum ecosystem. AEP licence fees reached \$360,000 in July 2026, or 35% of ArbitrumDAO revenue that month.

Arbitrum One suits users who need a mature general-purpose ecosystem and broad application choice, while Robinhood Chain suits activity built around tokenized real-world assets and 24/7 financial services. Both are Ethereum Layer 2 networks that pay gas in ETH, and the split sits in purpose, sequencing, native token, and protocol revenue.

To run or evaluate a stock-token paired launch on LONG: connect a Robinhood Chain–compatible wallet, select a Robinhood Stock Token as the quote asset, configure liquidity and fee mode, then trade or verify the TOKEN/STOCK pool on app.long.xyz. Always confirm contract addresses—pairing does not create equity ownership in the referenced company.

RWA Meme is a digital token that combines real-world assets or current events with Meme culture, on-chain trading, and community engagement. It may build narratives around themes such as U.S. stocks, gold, copper, indexes, and robots, and may incorporate mechanisms such as buybacks, dividends, staking, and token burns. However, referencing real-world asset concepts does not mean that holders actually own the corresponding stocks or commodities.

Prom (PROM) is a modular ZK Layer 2 network built on Polygon CDK. It is designed to improve blockchain scalability through zero-knowledge proofs, EVM compatibility, and cross-chain technology, while providing infrastructure for asset and application interactions across blockchain ecosystems. Unlike Layer 2 networks dedicated to a single ecosystem, Prom has prioritized multichain connectivity from the outset and has gradually expanded its focus to include a range of Web3 application areas, including DeFi, GameFi, RWA, and AI.

Plasma (XPL) is a purpose-built blockchain that aims to enable low-cost, high-throughput stablecoin transfers by combining Layer 1 design with Layer 2 techniques. The network’s native token, XPL, is intended for protocol-level functions such as staking, transaction settlement for non-stablecoin activity, and governance. The project focuses on throughput, developer ergonomics, and reducing per-transaction friction for stablecoin payments.

Ethereum serves as the foundational settlement layer for decentralized finance (DeFi), Real-World Asset (RWA) tokenization, and Web3 capital markets. By enabling automated, borderless financial transactions through smart contracts without traditional intermediaries, Ethereum provides global access to liquidity. However, executing transactions directly on Ethereum's mainnet (Layer 1) faces physical throughput limits, causing network congestion and high gas fees during peak activity.

Solana is a decentralized Layer 1 public blockchain built for high throughput and low latency, providing high-performance infrastructure for smart contracts and decentralized applications through architectural optimizations such as Proof of History and parallel transaction processing. As blockchain technology expands into decentralized finance, digital asset issuance, trading, gaming, and other on-chain interactive applications, network performance and scalability have become critical constraints, and Solana is often examined as a direct attempt to solve them.

The standard path to bridge assets to Linea: enable Linea Mainnet (Chain ID 59144) in an EVM wallet, connect at bridge.linea.build, choose the All Bridges aggregator or Native Bridge, confirm on the source chain, then verify the destination address and token contract on lineascan.build. Typical time: 5–15 minutes; difficulty: beginner to intermediate.

LINEA has a total supply of 72,009,990,000 tokens (~85% ecosystem, ~15% Consensys with a five-year lock). ETH is the sole gas on Linea; LINEA coordinates incentives. After costs, net surplus follows dual-burn: ~20% ETH burned, ~80% used to buy and burn LINEA. The Association executes; the Consortium stewards strategy and funds.

Linea is a Consensys-incubated zkEVM Layer 2 that processes Ethereum-compatible transactions off-chain and settles proofs to Ethereum. ETH pays gas; LINEA funds ecosystem growth and participates in a dual-burn design that burns ETH and LINEA from net fee surplus.

Linea uses zkEVM validity proofs with ETH-only gas and LINEA dual-burn incentives; Arbitrum and Optimism are Optimistic Rollups with fraud proofs and ~7-day official-bridge windows, leading in DeFi depth and OP Stack Superchain tooling respectively.