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Vitalik proposes a "Minimal Consensus Chain" solution: Reconstructing the Ethereum consensus layer with ZK-STARK, aiming to support one million validators.

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ME News, July 6th (UTC+8), Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin released his latest research article "The Extremely Lean Chain," proposing a design scheme to significantly streamline Ethereum's consensus layer. Through "Lean" upgrades such as single-slot finality, recursive STARK proofs, and aggregation of quantum-resistant signatures, the goal is to drastically reduce the storage requirements of the consensus chain state, while shifting more state management and zero-knowledge proof (ZK) responsibilities to validators. Vitalik believes this scheme can remove the complex periodic state processing procedures of the current beacon chain, greatly reduce system overhead, and enable Ethereum to scale to millions of validators in the future, while also enhancing validator anonymity. According to the design, validators no longer need to store large amounts of information such as public keys, withdrawal credentials, activation and exit data on-chain long-term. Instead, only a minimal core state—such as effective balances and public key indices—is retained, with the rest of the data submitted for verification periodically via STARK proofs. The scheme also introduces mechanisms such as daily balance update proofs, ZK-STARK privacy protection, and daily re-randomization of validator identities, further enhancing privacy and censorship resistance while improving network scalability. Vitalik stated that under a proof cycle of approximately one day, the scheme can generate proofs on ordinary hardware and reduce on-chain burden through proof aggregation, providing a new technical path for the long-term scaling of Ethereum's consensus layer. (Source: BlockBeats)
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