According to Bits Media, the Russian State Duma has passed the first reading of a cryptocurrency tax reform bill submitted by the government. The bill stipulates that taxable amounts for crypto transactions will be calculated based on the positive difference between digital asset gains and costs (i.e., net profit), and allows investors to offset profits with losses within the same tax period. The bill requires brokers and trust managers to act as tax agents for personal income tax (NDFL), must verify costs with documentation, and retain records for five years; crypto income from foreign trade contracts outside mining will be included in the total corporate income tax base, and foreign digital rights are treated as equivalent to cryptocurrencies. The bill also exempts foreign digital rights sales that do not involve delivery and only establish monetary claims from value-added tax (NDF), and exempts value-added tax on digital custody and exchange services.