Ethereum

As the Ethereum Layer 2 ecosystem expands rapidly, liquidity fragmentation and the complexity of cross-chain operations have become new challenges. The Ethereum Economic Zone (EEZ) is a technical framework designed to address these specific issues. In this article, you'll learn how EEZ works, its core technologies, and how it drives the vision of One Ethereum.

Sonic is a high performance Layer 1 blockchain protocol designed to deliver extremely high transaction throughput and instant finality. As decentralized applications increasingly demand real time interaction, Sonic achieves processing capacity of more than 10,000 TPS and confirmation speeds of around 0.8 seconds through its core Sonic technology stack, which includes the Carmen database and an optimized EVM execution layer. As a major technological leap for the Fantom ecosystem, it is fully compatible with the Ethereum development environment and addresses the scalability and storage efficiency bottlenecks that have long limited traditional blockchains through a rebuilt underlying architecture.

Fluent is a Layer 2 network developed on Ethereum, utilizing a Blended Execution architecture to allow applications from various virtual machines to run seamlessly on a single on-chain network.

Somnia Network (SOMI) is an ultra-high-performance, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain. Its core breakthrough is the ability to achieve more than 1,000,000 TPS, or transactions per second, with sub-second finality. Through its self-developed IceDB database engine and parallel execution mechanism, Somnia addresses performance bottlenecks that have limited large-scale Web3 adoption. As an “Agentic L1,” it focuses on delivering on-chain reactivity for AI agents, real-time social applications, and fully on-chain metaverse environments, allowing high-frequency, low-latency consumer applications to run entirely on-chain at scale.

The technical core behind Somnia’s million-scale TPS lies in its low-level reconstruction of the EVM stack, mainly through the IceDB storage engine and its parallel execution engine. IceDB is a custom database built specifically for blockchain systems. By optimizing the Sparse Merkle Tree, or SMT, structure and reducing disk I/O friction, it directly addresses the read and write bottlenecks that traditional databases, such as LevelDB, face when handling massive state data. Combined with Somnia’s multithreaded parallel execution engine, transactions that do not interfere with one another can be distributed across multiple CPU cores and processed simultaneously.

Somnia and Monad are two of the most important representatives in the parallel EVM sector. Both aim to improve transaction throughput, but they take noticeably different technical paths. Monad relies mainly on Optimistic Parallel Execution and deferred execution to achieve 10,000 TPS while preserving Ethereum compatibility. Somnia, by contrast, performs a surgical reconstruction of the storage layer through its self-developed IceDB storage engine, combined with a multithreaded parallel mechanism designed to support industrial-grade workloads above 1,000,000 TPS. In simple terms, Monad optimizes the “ordering and processing” of execution flow, while Somnia removes the physical bottleneck of storage I/O at its root.

Stargate Finance is a cross-chain liquidity pool and liquidity protocol that allows users to transfer assets across different blockchains through its distinctive cross-chain bridging capabilities. Its main strength lies in providing seamless asset liquidity, addressing the high fees and inefficiencies often found in traditional cross-chain protocols. With its innovative architecture, Stargate plays an increasingly important role in the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem and has become a key hub for connecting different blockchains.

MegaETH is an Ethereum scaling network engineered for high-performance on-chain applications, prioritizing faster trade execution, greater system throughput, and an enhanced user experience.

MEGA is the native token of the MegaETH network. Its main uses include paying on-chain trading fees, incentivizing network participants, supporting ecosystem growth, and enabling governance and staking functionalities.

MegaETH's primary use cases center on on-chain services that demand high speed, concurrent processing, and real-time feedback, including high-frequency trading, blockchain game interactions, and social applications.

ETC serves as the native token of the Ethereum Classic network. It is mainly used for paying transaction fees, executing smart contracts, incentivizing miners to secure the network, and facilitating value circulation within its fixed supply framework.

Ethereum Classic and Ethereum share a common origin on the early Ethereum chain. Ethereum Classic remains committed to Proof of Work (PoW) and the principle of immutability, while Ethereum has shifted to Proof of Stake (PoS) and continually pursues scalability enhancements and ecosystem development.

Ethereum Classic is a blockchain network powered by a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. It is distinguished by its unwavering commitment to the immutable "code is law" principle and provides support for smart contracts and decentralized applications.

Both 0x Protocol and Uniswap are designed for decentralized asset trading, but they use distinct trading mechanisms. 0x Protocol relies on an off-chain order book architecture with on-chain settlement, aggregating liquidity from multiple sources to deliver trading infrastructure for wallets and DEXs. Uniswap, meanwhile, adopts the Automated Market Maker (AMM) model, facilitating on-chain asset swaps through liquidity pools. The primary difference between the two is how liquidity is organized. 0x Protocol focuses on order aggregation and efficient trade routing, making it ideal for providing foundational liquidity support to applications. Uniswap leverages liquidity pools to offer direct swap services to users, positioning itself as a robust on-chain trade execution platform.

0x Protocol builds decentralized trading infrastructure through core components such as Relayer, the Mesh network, 0x API, and Exchange Proxy. Relayer handles off-chain order broadcasting, the Mesh network enables order sharing, 0x API provides a unified liquidity quote interface, and Exchange Proxy is responsible for on-chain trade execution and liquidity routing. Together, these components support an architecture that combines off-chain order distribution with on-chain trade settlement, allowing wallets, DEXs, and DeFi applications to access multi-source liquidity through a unified interface.