Ethereum

Somnia and Monad are two of the most important representatives in the parallel EVM sector. Both aim to improve transaction throughput, but they take noticeably different technical paths. Monad relies mainly on Optimistic Parallel Execution and deferred execution to achieve 10,000 TPS while preserving Ethereum compatibility. Somnia, by contrast, performs a surgical reconstruction of the storage layer through its self-developed IceDB storage engine, combined with a multithreaded parallel mechanism designed to support industrial-grade workloads above 1,000,000 TPS. In simple terms, Monad optimizes the “ordering and processing” of execution flow, while Somnia removes the physical bottleneck of storage I/O at its root.

The technical core behind Somnia’s million-scale TPS lies in its low-level reconstruction of the EVM stack, mainly through the IceDB storage engine and its parallel execution engine. IceDB is a custom database built specifically for blockchain systems. By optimizing the Sparse Merkle Tree, or SMT, structure and reducing disk I/O friction, it directly addresses the read and write bottlenecks that traditional databases, such as LevelDB, face when handling massive state data. Combined with Somnia’s multithreaded parallel execution engine, transactions that do not interfere with one another can be distributed across multiple CPU cores and processed simultaneously.

Somnia Network (SOMI) is an ultra-high-performance, EVM-compatible Layer 1 blockchain. Its core breakthrough is the ability to achieve more than 1,000,000 TPS, or transactions per second, with sub-second finality. Through its self-developed IceDB database engine and parallel execution mechanism, Somnia addresses performance bottlenecks that have limited large-scale Web3 adoption. As an “Agentic L1,” it focuses on delivering on-chain reactivity for AI agents, real-time social applications, and fully on-chain metaverse environments, allowing high-frequency, low-latency consumer applications to run entirely on-chain at scale.

Stargate Finance is a cross-chain liquidity pool and liquidity protocol that allows users to transfer assets across different blockchains through its distinctive cross-chain bridging capabilities. Its main strength lies in providing seamless asset liquidity, addressing the high fees and inefficiencies often found in traditional cross-chain protocols. With its innovative architecture, Stargate plays an increasingly important role in the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem and has become a key hub for connecting different blockchains.

Ethereum Classic and Ethereum share a common origin on the early Ethereum chain. Ethereum Classic remains committed to Proof of Work (PoW) and the principle of immutability, while Ethereum has shifted to Proof of Stake (PoS) and continually pursues scalability enhancements and ecosystem development.

ETC serves as the native token of the Ethereum Classic network. It is mainly used for paying transaction fees, executing smart contracts, incentivizing miners to secure the network, and facilitating value circulation within its fixed supply framework.

Ethereum Classic is a blockchain network powered by a proof-of-work consensus mechanism. It is distinguished by its unwavering commitment to the immutable "code is law" principle and provides support for smart contracts and decentralized applications.

The ETH meme wave is once again gaining momentum, as active on-chain trading and high-risk speculation occur simultaneously. This article examines the effects on the Ethereum ecosystem and market cycles by analyzing liquidity structure, trading behavior, and risk mechanisms.

0x Protocol is an open protocol that provides infrastructure for decentralized trading. It allows developers to access on-chain asset trading capabilities through standardized smart contracts and APIs. By combining off-chain order broadcasting with on-chain settlement, 0x reduces transaction costs while preserving the security of decentralized settlement, providing reusable liquidity support for wallets, DEX aggregators, and DeFi applications.

0x Protocol builds decentralized trading infrastructure through core components such as Relayer, the Mesh network, 0x API, and Exchange Proxy. Relayer handles off-chain order broadcasting, the Mesh network enables order sharing, 0x API provides a unified liquidity quote interface, and Exchange Proxy is responsible for on-chain trade execution and liquidity routing. Together, these components support an architecture that combines off-chain order distribution with on-chain trade settlement, allowing wallets, DEXs, and DeFi applications to access multi-source liquidity through a unified interface.

Both 0x Protocol and Uniswap are designed for decentralized asset trading, but they use distinct trading mechanisms. 0x Protocol relies on an off-chain order book architecture with on-chain settlement, aggregating liquidity from multiple sources to deliver trading infrastructure for wallets and DEXs. Uniswap, meanwhile, adopts the Automated Market Maker (AMM) model, facilitating on-chain asset swaps through liquidity pools. The primary difference between the two is how liquidity is organized. 0x Protocol focuses on order aggregation and efficient trade routing, making it ideal for providing foundational liquidity support to applications. Uniswap leverages liquidity pools to offer direct swap services to users, positioning itself as a robust on-chain trade execution platform.

0x Protocol enables decentralized asset trading through a mechanism that combines off-chain order broadcasting with on-chain trade settlement. Trading orders are first created and distributed off-chain. Only when an order is filled is settlement completed on-chain through smart contracts. This design reduces the number of on-chain interactions, lowering Gas costs and improving trading efficiency.

Compound is a decentralized lending protocol built on blockchain. It allows users to deposit crypto assets through smart contracts to earn interest, or to borrow other assets by providing collateral, without relying on traditional financial intermediaries. The protocol uses algorithms to automatically adjust lending and borrowing rates, while the COMP token enables community governance. Together, these features make crypto lending markets more open, transparent, and permissionless.

Curve and Uniswap are both decentralized exchange protocols built on automated market maker, or AMM, mechanisms, but they differ significantly in pricing curve design and use cases. Uniswap uses the constant product formula and is suited to trading any type of asset, while Curve uses the StableSwap curve to optimize low slippage swaps between stablecoins and similar assets. In terms of liquidity structure, Uniswap emphasizes broad asset trading, while Curve focuses more on capital efficiency for stable asset swaps. The two AMM models serve different functions in the DeFi market: Uniswap acts as general purpose liquidity infrastructure, while Curve serves as the core layer for stablecoin trading and liquidity optimization.

Compound’s interest rate model is an algorithmic mechanism based on the Utilization Rate of funds. It is used to dynamically adjust borrowing rates and deposit rates. When a larger share of assets in a liquidity pool is borrowed, the borrowing rate rises, and the deposit rate changes accordingly. This encourages more capital to enter the market and helps maintain liquidity balance. As one of the core mechanisms of the Compound lending protocol, the interest rate model determines both borrowing costs and capital returns.