Vitalik says every core part of Ethereum will be rewritten in the next three to four years—this is the most radical protocol surgery since the Merge.

This "streamlining upgrade" focuses on three layers: quantum security, recursive STARKs, and privacy design. The Merge solved the consensus mechanism, but the network remains bloated, the verification barrier is high, and quantum resistance is zero. Vitalik's goal is to compress the protocol to the extreme, making millions of validators possible.
The narrative behind it has changed: Ethereum is no longer pursuing the grand narrative of a "world computer," but instead doing subtraction. L2 will take on more execution-layer functions, and L1 will degrade into a lighter, more secure settlement anchor.
But risks are also embedded in the structure. Streamlining means a large amount of existing code and contracts may need to be migrated, and the compatibility of DeFi Lego bricks will face tests. Quantum security introduces new cryptographic primitives; if there are flaws in implementation, it could instead introduce new attack surfaces.
This is a protocol reconstruction measured in years. For long-term holders, the direction is right; for short-term traders, the technical friction and community disagreements in between may be greater than imagined.
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