After the Berlin conference, Vitalik elaborated on the "Lean Ethereum" roadmap: In the next 3-4 years, the core protocol will adopt recursive STARK verification instead of direct execution verification, introduce a post-quantum cryptographic system, decouple the consensus mechanism into an availability chain and finality design, and restructure the state model into a two-layer model. Privacy is no longer an add-on feature but a goal of protocol design. This means that Ethereum's underlying logic is shifting from a "general execution layer" to a "verifiable computation layer." If implemented, L2 verification costs, cross-chain interoperability, and even the implementation path of account abstraction will all be rewritten. However, this is not a one-time hard fork but a series of gradual upgrades. Parameters such as the gas limit, blob capacity, and block time will be adjusted multiple times over the coming years. Ethereum is transitioning from an "upgrade" model to a "continuous reconstruction" model. The risk is that the longer the reconstruction cycle, the greater the ecological uncertainty. Developers may delay application development while waiting for the new architecture, and users may hesitate due to frequent underlying changes. Historically, each major iteration of Ethereum has been accompanied by short-term pain—PoW miners exiting before The Merge, fee volatility after EIP-1559. The value of Lean Ethereum lies not in short-term prices but in whether it can maintain Ethereum's core position in the L2 and modularization wave.