What are the types of cognitive biases?

1. Causal Bias: Misjudging causality based on correlation. Mistaking "simultaneous occurrence" for "causal relationship." Many people attribute success to common traits among successful individuals, but in reality, many phenomena are merely correlated, not truly causal.
2. Causal Bias: Single-cause explanation bias. Attributing complex outcomes to a single cause. The human brain naturally prefers simple explanations, but the real world often results from multiple variables acting together.
3. Causal Bias: Post hoc attribution bias. After an event occurs, logically reconstructing it backwards, believing "there were signs all along." Essentially, it’s humans’ inability to accept randomness, so they automatically fill in the narrative.
4. Confirmation Bias: Only seeking information that supports one's own views. People are more likely to accept information that supports their stance while automatically ignoring counterexamples. Many debates are not due to lack of information but due to cognitive filtering.
5. Sample Bias: Inferring general rules from limited samples. People habitually summarize world laws from small experiences, but small samples are often filled with randomness and lack universality.
6. Sample Bias: Survivor bias. Only seeing those who succeeded and missing those who failed. Many "success stories" are essentially because failure cases are hidden.
7. Heuristic Bias: Replacing genuine reasoning with quick judgments. To save energy, the brain prefers to use intuition, impressions, and experience rather than complete reasoning.
8. Authority Bias: Defaulting to believing that authority figures are closer to the truth. When someone has a title, status, or influence, people naturally lower their skepticism.
9. Halo Effect: One positive trait influences overall judgment. When someone excels in one dimension, people automatically extend this advantage to other dimensions.
10. Availability Bias: The more easily something comes to mind, the more common we think it is. Exposure frequency is mistaken for actual occurrence frequency. Many people's judgments about the world are essentially based on "what they saw recently."
11. Egocentric Bias: Assuming oneself is the center of the world. People naturally overestimate the importance of their feelings, experiences, and perspectives while underestimating others' systemic environments.
12. Fundamental Attribution Error: Using different attribution logic for oneself and others. When others fail, it’s attributed to ability; when oneself fails, it’s more easily attributed to environmental factors.
13. Illusion of Control: Overestimating one's ability to control outcomes. In complex systems, people mistakenly believe they control the results, but often it’s just luck, cycles, or probability.
14. Recency Bias: Giving too much weight to recent events. People mistake short-term trends for long-term patterns, so markets, emotions, and public opinion are easily amplified by recent events.
15. Linearity Bias: Understanding the world through linear thinking. The human brain is naturally suited for understanding linear changes but finds it difficult to truly grasp compound interest, network effects, and exponential growth.