Wu said he learned that Vitalik Buterin posted that keyed nonces can provide stronger protocol-level support for privacy solutions, and may also become the first attempt at a new state-scaling strategy for Ethereum—by creating more specialized storage types for specific use cases, and, through imposing usage limits, supporting massive-scale expansion while maintaining decentralization. As an example, Vitalik cited protocol-level nullifiers: if on-chain privacy transactions reach 2000 TPS and continue for 8 years, they may generate about 5000 billion nullifiers that cannot be pruned; if those are placed into dedicated nullifier storage, it would be more favorable for Ethereum to maintain decentralization than if they were to go directly into the current dynamic state. Vitalik believes that if most users migrate to more specialized state forms with lower gas costs, Ethereum can simultaneously maintain decentralization and high scalability, while keeping the full dynamic state for applications such as DeFi that truly need complete functionality.