Scaling and security go hand in hand: A comprehensive analysis of Ethereum Fusaka upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is scheduled to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like 12 precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and operational efficiency. Below, I will categorize these 12 EIPs and provide simple language explanations of what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum faster and capable of handling more

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Pain point: Since the Dencun upgrade introduced data “Blob” for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue arose: how to ensure these massive data sets are truly available? Currently, each validation node must download and verify all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 Blobs, this is feasible. But if future Blob counts increase (e.g., to 128), downloading and verifying all blobs will be costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening network decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check everything” approach into “sample and verify.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the complete blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—only randomly select and check a few data slices.

4. Participants cross-verify and exchange validation results to collectively confirm the integrity and availability of the entire blob data.

It’s like a large puzzle game—everyone holds a few pieces, but by checking key connection points, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea of Data Availability Sampling has been successfully implemented in projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS is like addressing a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling blueprint.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage burdens on validators, clearing obstacles to large-scale data expansion while maintaining decentralization. In the future, each block could contain hundreds of Blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, with ordinary users able to run validators easily, preserving network decentralization.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Pain point: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity fluctuates rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka every time Blob limits need adjustment is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a special “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO) mechanism. It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few Blob-related parameters (like target Blob count per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time—like updating a configuration file online—without needing a full client upgrade.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans to execute two consecutive BPO upgrades to double Blob capacity gradually. This allows flexible, incremental expansion of Blob space, smoothing out cost and throughput increases while keeping risks manageable.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Pain point: The previous Blob fee adjustment mechanism was too “market-driven,” causing issues. When demand is low, fees drop near zero, which doesn’t effectively stimulate new demand and creates an “all-time low” price. When demand is high, fees spike, creating extreme price swings. This “fee competition” makes Layer 2 cost planning difficult.

Solution: EIP-7918’s core idea is to prevent Blob fees from fluctuating wildly by setting a reasonable price range—an elastic “minimum fee.” It links Blob fee limits to the Layer 2 execution fee on Layer 1. Whether updating state roots or verifying ZK proofs, these execution costs are relatively stable and less affected by transaction volume. Tying Blob fees to this stable “anchor” prevents wild swings.

Significance: This change stops fee “race to the bottom” and “fee spikes,” making Layer 2 operational costs more predictable. Stable fees help Layer 2 projects set more consistent, reasonable transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster experiences like “free today, expensive tomorrow.”

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Pain point: The total transaction capacity per Ethereum block is limited by the “block Gas limit” (around 30 million), which hasn’t been adjusted for years. To boost throughput, increasing this limit is the most direct way, but it must not raise validator hardware requirements or weaken decentralization.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default Gas limit to a new level (specific number TBD, possibly 45 million or higher). It’s a recommended default, guiding validators to gradually accept higher limits.

Significance: This means each Layer 1 block can include more transactions, directly increasing TPS and alleviating congestion and high gas fees. However, it also demands more from validators’ hardware, so the community will proceed cautiously with testing.

Security and Stability! Building a robust defense for the network

While expanding capacity, ensuring network security and stability is essential. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025, aiming to build a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka advance this plan, like installing better “brakes” and “guardrails” on a high-speed vehicle.

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Pain point: Ethereum’s “block Gas limit” only considers computational load but doesn’t specify physical block size. Attackers could craft many “low-cost, large-volume” transactions (e.g., sending 0 ETH to many addresses), creating blocks with low computational but enormous physical size. Such “data bombs” slow network propagation and risk DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB on block size. Any block exceeding this size is rejected.

Significance: Like setting maximum truck dimensions on a highway, this prevents oversized data blocks from affecting network traffic, ensuring faster propagation, lower latency, and improved resilience against attacks.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Pain point: While the block Gas limit is fixed, individual transactions currently have no maximum. Someone could craft a single transaction consuming nearly all block resources, delaying others and creating unfairness.

Solution: Impose a hard cap of 16.77 million Gas per transaction. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split into multiple parts.

Significance: This promotes fairness and predictability, preventing any single transaction from monopolizing block space and delaying others.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Pain point: ModExp (modular exponentiation) is used in cryptography but has two risks: input length can be unbounded, potentially causing resource exhaustion; and its low Gas cost can be exploited for DoS attacks.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input length to 8192 bits, sufficient for practical use.

• EIP-7883: Increase Gas costs for larger inputs, making attacks more expensive.

Significance: These measures remove a potential attack vector, akin to setting maximum task sizes and tiered pricing, boosting network robustness.

Feature upgrades! Providing developers with more powerful tools

Beyond scalability and security, Fusaka introduces new tools to empower developers, making building on Ethereum more efficient and powerful.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Pain point: Devices like iPhones, bank security tokens, and hardware modules often use the secp256r1 (P-256) standard, while Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits direct secure interactions with Ethereum from common hardware.

Solution: Add a precompile contract to support and verify signatures from secp256r1.

Significance: This is a milestone—enabling Ethereum to connect with billions of existing hardware devices. Soon, you could sign Ethereum transactions directly with your phone’s security chip, simplifying user experience and increasing security—great for Web2/Web3 integration.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Pain point: Many cryptographic and mathematical applications need to count leading zeros in a 256-bit number (e.g., in hashing, compression, ZK proofs). Currently, no direct EVM opcode exists, forcing developers to write costly, inefficient Solidity code.

Solution: Introduce a new “CLZ” (Count Leading Zeros) opcode in EVM for one-step calculation.

Significance: This provides developers with a specialized, time-saving tool, reducing gas costs for complex math operations, especially benefiting ZK Rollups and cryptography-heavy applications.

Network optimization! Invisible improvements for a healthier ecosystem

The last two EIPs may not be immediately noticeable to users but are vital for long-term network health and coordination.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Pain point: Over time, Ethereum has accumulated vast historical data. New nodes must download and sync all this data, which is time-consuming and increasingly difficult. Post-Merge, some redundant fields in old receipts also add unnecessary data.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” strategies to allow nodes to skip some old data during sync; simplify receipt formats by removing obsolete fields. This reduces the data needed from genesis.

Significance: This “lightening” of nodes can cut about 530GB from full syncs, lowering entry barriers and strengthening decentralization and resilience.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order and Pre-commitment

Pain point: A key challenge in Layer 2 Rollups is the centralization of sequencers—single entities controlling transaction ordering, risking censorship and MEV extraction. The “Based Rollup” concept proposes using Ethereum’s proposer to order L2 transactions, inheriting L1 decentralization. But this introduces delays, as Layer 2 must wait for L1 inclusion, degrading user experience.

Solution: EIP-7917 modifies consensus to allow pre-determined, publicly known proposer sequences for future blocks. It replaces randomness with a predictable “block proposer schedule.”

Significance: This is crucial for enabling “Based Rollup” and similar decentralized sequencing solutions. With a known schedule, Layer 2 gateways can pre-negotiate with future proposers, enabling near-instant transaction finality while maintaining security. It opens the door for more decentralized, scalable Layer 2 solutions that combine security with user-friendly performance.

Why is Fusaka timely?

This upgrade is not just a technical iteration but a strategic move amid the era of large-scale on-chain assets like RWA and stablecoins. Currently, Ethereum hosts over 56% of the global stablecoin supply, becoming the core settlement layer of the digital dollar economy. Fusaka aims to prepare for Wall Street-level assets and transaction volumes.

• Custom chains for institutional Layer 2, providing unlimited scaling “fuel”

As traditional finance enters crypto, we will see more Layer 2 “dedicated chains” tailored for specific needs (e.g., KYC compliance). These chains require Ethereum mainnet to provide vast, cheap, and secure data availability.

Proposals like EIP-7594, EIP-7892, and EIP-7918 are designed to meet this demand. Their core goal: drastically reduce data publishing costs and enable elastic, on-demand capacity expansion.

• Moving toward “Trillion Dollar Security,” building unbreakable financial infrastructure

For institutions managing trillions in assets, security is paramount. The “Trillion Dollar Security” goal is a major vision. EIPs like EIP-7934, EIP-7825, EIP-7823, and EIP-7883 reinforce this by strengthening defenses and eliminating vulnerabilities.

In summary, Fusaka’s main theme is clear: scalability and security. With favorable regulation and market momentum, Fusaka arrives at an opportune moment, helping Ethereum solidify its dominance in stablecoins and on-chain assets, transforming from a speculative asset to a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Deep waters, steady currents of change

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target the core issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, preparing for a future with massive users, assets, and applications.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem “silent,” but their impact will be profound. A stronger, more efficient, more secure Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—be it a global instant settlement network or “On-chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

• This analysis is based on publicly available information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR and proceed cautiously.

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