Scaling and security go hand in hand: a comprehensive analysis of Ethereum Fusaka upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is set to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like 12 precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and operational efficiency. Below, I will categorize these 12 EIPs and provide simple language explanations of what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum faster and capable of handling more

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Pain point: Since the Dencun upgrade introduced data “Blob” for cheap data storage for Layer 2, a key issue arose: how to ensure these massive data sets are truly available? Currently, each validator node must download and verify all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is feasible. But if future blobs increase (e.g., to 128), downloading and verifying all blobs will be costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening network decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sample and verify.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the complete blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—only randomly select and check a few data slices.

4. Participants cross-verify and exchange validation results to collectively confirm the integrity and availability of the entire blob data.

It’s like a large puzzle: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connection points, they can confirm the whole puzzle is intact. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea of Data Availability Sampling has been successfully implemented in projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS is like addressing a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling blueprint.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage burdens on validators, clearing obstacles to large-scale data expansion while maintaining decentralization. In the future, each block could contain hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, while ordinary users can run validators easily, keeping the network decentralized.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Pain point: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity fluctuates rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka every time Blob limits are adjusted is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a special “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO) mechanism. It’s very lightweight, only modifying a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators don’t need to upgrade clients—just accept new parameters at a specified time, similar to updating a configuration file online.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows Ethereum to scale blob space on-demand, flexibly and progressively, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risks.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Pain point: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too “market-driven,” causing issues. When demand is low, fees drop near zero, which doesn’t stimulate new demand and creates an “all-time low” price. When demand is high, fees spike, creating extreme high prices. This “price competition” makes fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918’s core idea is to prevent blob fees from fluctuating wildly by setting a reasonable price range—an elastic “minimum spend.” It links blob fee limits to the Layer 2 execution fee on Layer 1, which remains relatively stable regardless of transaction volume. By anchoring blob fees to this stable “reference,” their volatility is reduced.

Significance: This prevents fee “price wars,” making Layer 2 operational costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set more reliable transaction costs, avoiding rollercoaster experiences of “free today, expensive tomorrow.”

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Pain point: The total transaction capacity per Ethereum block is limited by the “block Gas limit” (around 30 million), which hasn’t been adjusted for years. To boost throughput, the simplest way is to raise this limit, but without compromising validator hardware requirements or decentralization.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default Gas limit to a new level (specific number TBD, possibly 45 million or higher). It’s not mandatory but recommended, guiding validators to gradually accept higher limits.

Significance: More transactions per block mean higher TPS, easing congestion and reducing gas fees. However, this also demands more from validators’ hardware, so the community will proceed cautiously with testing.

Security and Stability! Building a robust defense for the network

While scaling, ensuring network security and stability is essential. The Ethereum Foundation launched the “Trillion Dollar Security” plan in May 2025, aiming to create a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka support this plan, like installing better “brakes” and “guardrails” for Ethereum’s high-speed operation.

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Pain point: Ethereum’s “block Gas limit” only considers computational load, not physical size. Attackers could craft many “low-cost, large-volume” transactions (e.g., sending 0 ETH to many addresses), creating blocks with low computational but enormous physical size. Such “data bombs” slow network propagation and risk DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB on block size. Any block exceeding this size is rejected.

Significance: Like setting maximum truck sizes on a highway, this prevents oversized data from clogging the network, ensuring faster propagation, lower latency, and improved resilience.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Pain point: While the block has a total Gas limit, individual transactions currently do not. Someone could craft a single transaction consuming nearly all block resources, delaying others.

Solution: Impose a hard cap of 16.77 million Gas per transaction. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split into multiple parts.

Significance: This promotes fairness and predictability, preventing any single transaction from monopolizing block space and delaying others.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Pain point: ModExp (modular exponentiation) is used in cryptography but has two risks: input length can be unbounded, and its low gas cost can be exploited for DoS attacks.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input length to 8192 bits, enough for practical use.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for larger inputs, making attacks more expensive.

Significance: These measures remove a potential attack vector, like setting maximum task sizes and tiered pricing, boosting network robustness.

Feature upgrades! Providing developers with more powerful tools

Beyond scaling and security, Fusaka introduces new tools to help developers build better applications.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Pain point: Devices like iPhones, bank security tokens, and hardware modules use the secp256r1 (P-256) standard, while Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits direct secure interactions with Ethereum.

Solution: Add a precompile contract to support and verify signatures from secp256r1.

Significance: This is a milestone—enabling Ethereum to connect directly with billions of mainstream devices. Soon, you could sign transactions with your phone’s secure chip without extra wallets, making Web3 more accessible and secure.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Pain point: Calculating the number of leading zero bits in a 256-bit number is common in cryptography and ZK proofs, but Ethereum’s EVM lacks a direct opcode. Developers resort to complex Solidity code, which is costly and inefficient.

Solution: Introduce a new “CLZ” (Count Leading Zeros) opcode that performs this calculation directly.

Significance: This provides a specialized tool that reduces gas costs for math-heavy applications, especially ZK rollups, making them cheaper and more efficient.

Network optimization! Invisible improvements for a healthier ecosystem

The last two EIPs may not be obvious to users but are vital for long-term network health and coordination.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Pain point: As Ethereum’s history grows, new nodes must download and sync massive data, raising barriers. After The Merge switched to PoS, some obsolete data fields remain, adding redundancy.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” strategies to skip old data during sync, and simplify transaction receipts by removing unnecessary fields. This allows new nodes to sync from genesis more efficiently.

Significance: This “lightening” reduces full sync data by about 530GB, lowering entry barriers and strengthening decentralization.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order & Pre-commitment

Pain point: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on a central sequencer, which can censor transactions or extract MEV, conflicting with decentralization. The “Based Rollup” idea proposes using Ethereum’s proposer to order L2 transactions, inheriting L1’s decentralization.

However, this introduces delays, as Layer 2 must wait for L1 inclusion. The solution is “pre-confirmation”: the Layer 2 gateway gets a commitment from the proposer in advance, allowing early state updates.

But with current randomness in proposer selection, it’s unclear who to negotiate with.

Solution: EIP-7917 modifies consensus to make future proposer sequences predictable and publicly known, turning random selection into a transparent schedule.

Significance: This is key for next-gen decentralized rollups. With a known proposer schedule, Layer 2 can pre-arrange trusted commitments, enabling near-instant transaction finality while maintaining security—paving the way for more decentralized, scalable rollups.

Why is Fusaka’s timing so perfect?

This upgrade isn’t just technical; it’s a strategic move amid the era of real-world asset (RWA) tokenization and stablecoins on Ethereum. Currently, Ethereum hosts over 56% of global stablecoin supply, becoming the core settlement layer for the digital dollar economy. Fusaka aims to prepare for Wall Street-scale assets and transaction volumes.

• Custom chains for institutional Layer 2, with unlimited scaling “fuel”

As traditional finance enters crypto, we’ll see more Layer 2 “dedicated chains” tailored for specific needs (e.g., KYC compliance). These chains require Ethereum’s mainnet to provide massive, cheap, and secure data availability.

Proposals like EIP-7594, EIP-7892, and EIP-7918 are designed to meet this need. Their core goal: drastically reduce data publishing costs and enable flexible, on-demand scaling.

Why lower fees further after Pectra? Because Fusaka adopts a strategy of “sacrificing short-term fee income to enable larger economic activity,” aiming to grow the network’s GDP, increase transactions, and drive staking and ETH burns, supporting network value.

• Moving toward “trillion-dollar security,” building unbreakable financial infrastructure

For institutions managing trillions, security is paramount. Ethereum’s “trillion-dollar security” goal is supported by EIPs like 7934, 7825, 7823, and 7883, which strengthen defenses and eliminate vulnerabilities.

In summary, Fusaka’s main theme is clear: scaling and security. Driven by favorable regulation and market momentum, Fusaka arrives at an opportune moment, helping Ethereum solidify its dominance in stablecoins and asset onboarding, transforming from a speculative asset to a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Deep waters, steady progress

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target the core issues of scalability, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, preparing for future mass adoption.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem “silent,” but their impact will be profound. A stronger, more efficient, more secure Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—such as a global instant settlement network or “on-chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

• This article is based on publicly available information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR and proceed cautiously.

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