Modular chains have been talked about for a long time. To put it simply, the real changes for ordinary people are twofold: transaction fees are more like "wholesale prices," and the experience feels more like using an app. In the past, congestion made every confirmation feel painful; now, many L2 solutions move execution off-chain, with the mainnet serving more as a ledger and notarization service. What you see on the front end is faster and cheaper, and the rest… is just so-so.

But the cost is quite real: money moves back and forth between different layers, and these "intermediate links" like bridges, proofs, and sequencers—if you don't want to understand them, you still have to accept the risk of them failing. Yesterday, I also checked on a rollup's batch submission on-chain; at 12:34, a gas spike suddenly shot up, feeling like everyone was squeezing into the same window.

By the way, the NFT royalty dispute also seems quite similar: modularity makes transactions smoother, and secondary liquidity is stronger, but creators wanting to reliably earn money find it even harder; the looser the rules, the more market-driven it becomes. Anyway, I’ll start with the data: trading volume, order book depth, actual royalty payment rate—let others argue about the story on Twitter.