Layer 2

Starknet is an Ethereum Layer 2 network designed to scale blockchain applications by processing transactions outside Ethereum mainnet and submitting cryptographic validity proofs for verification. It uses STARK proofs and Cairo, a programming language designed for verifiable computation and smart contract development. These technologies form the foundation of Starknet’s approach to transaction execution and settlement.

Unichain and Base are both Ethereum Layer 2 networks built on the OP Stack inside the Optimism Superchain, and both charge gas in ETH. Unichain is optimized for DeFi trading with one-second blocks, Flashblock preconfirmations, and a TEE block builder; Base is a general-purpose L2 incubated by Coinbase with a broader consumer app ecosystem.

Unichain is a DeFi-focused Ethereum Layer 2 built by Uniswap Labs on the OP Stack and deployed within the Optimism Superchain. Its mainnet uses chain ID 130, produces one-second blocks with roughly 200-millisecond Flashblock preconfirmations, charges gas in ETH, and operates as a Stage 1 rollup with permissionless fault proofs.

Starknet operates as an Ethereum validity rollup (Layer 2): it executes offchain, posts STARK proofs and data to Ethereum for settlement. An independent Layer 1 would mean Starknet provides its own settlement and security base instead of inheriting Ethereum’s. That shift is under evaluation, not a completed migration, and still requires governance.

FAFO tokens exist in two major versions: the Solana "original" launched in January 2025, down 99.7% from its all-time high; and the Robinhood Chain "newcomer" launched in August 2026, which surged 160x in a single day but has 70% supply concentration. Neither has official affiliation—investors must distinguish them by contract address.

Robinhood Chain is an Ethereum Layer 2 network launched by Robinhood on July 1, 2026, built on Arbitrum Orbit technology, focusing on real-world assets (RWA) and stock tokenization. However, the chain quickly became a meme coin hotspot, with political meme coins like FAFO achieving explosive growth—surging over 160x in a single day.

Lisk is a blockchain project that originally focused on providing a fast, low-cost Layer 2 network built with the Optimism OP Stack and secured by Ethereum. Its L2 infrastructure was designed to support EVM-compatible applications, low-cost transactions, and interoperability within the Optimism Superchain ecosystem.

Lattice Jolt is a new generation of zero-knowledge virtual machine (zkVM) introduced by a16z Crypto, built on the Jolt zkVM framework. Instead of developing an entirely new virtual machine, Lattice Jolt’s main advancement lies in its underlying cryptographic architecture: it replaces the Dory polynomial commitment scheme, previously based on elliptic curve cryptography, with Akita, which utilizes the Module-SIS lattice assumption. With this transition to lattice-based cryptography, Jolt now offers enhanced post-quantum security capabilities.

L2 trading volume and sequencer revenue are on the rise, but do these business metrics actually contribute to Ethereum’s value? This analysis examines the link between L2 revenue and Ethereum protocol value, clarifying how Blob fees, ETH demand, brand premium, and the right to final settlement are interconnected.

Arbitrum is an optimistic rollup Layer 2 network for Ethereum, developed by Offchain Labs and governed by ArbitrumDAO. Transactions execute on Layer 2, then get compressed and posted back to Ethereum for settlement, which lowers fees while preserving Ethereum-level security assumptions. ARB serves as the governance token, and network gas is paid in ETH.

Arbitrum earns revenue from Robinhood Chain through the Arbitrum Expansion Program (AEP), which requires chains built on the Arbitrum stack that settle outside Arbitrum One and Arbitrum Nova to route 10% of net protocol revenue back to the Arbitrum ecosystem. AEP licence fees reached \$360,000 in July 2026, or 35% of ArbitrumDAO revenue that month.

Arbitrum One suits users who need a mature general-purpose ecosystem and broad application choice, while Robinhood Chain suits activity built around tokenized real-world assets and 24/7 financial services. Both are Ethereum Layer 2 networks that pay gas in ETH, and the split sits in purpose, sequencing, native token, and protocol revenue.

To run or evaluate a stock-token paired launch on LONG: connect a Robinhood Chain–compatible wallet, select a Robinhood Stock Token as the quote asset, configure liquidity and fee mode, then trade or verify the TOKEN/STOCK pool on app.long.xyz. Always confirm contract addresses—pairing does not create equity ownership in the referenced company.

RWA Meme is a digital token that combines real-world assets or current events with Meme culture, on-chain trading, and community engagement. It may build narratives around themes such as U.S. stocks, gold, copper, indexes, and robots, and may incorporate mechanisms such as buybacks, dividends, staking, and token burns. However, referencing real-world asset concepts does not mean that holders actually own the corresponding stocks or commodities.

Prom (PROM) is a modular ZK Layer 2 network built on Polygon CDK. It is designed to improve blockchain scalability through zero-knowledge proofs, EVM compatibility, and cross-chain technology, while providing infrastructure for asset and application interactions across blockchain ecosystems. Unlike Layer 2 networks dedicated to a single ecosystem, Prom has prioritized multichain connectivity from the outset and has gradually expanded its focus to include a range of Web3 application areas, including DeFi, GameFi, RWA, and AI.