📰 TODAY IN HISTORY

📆 - May 23

*📜 Events:*

* 1179 — Pope Alexander III issues the bull Manifestis Probatum recognizing Portugal as an independent kingdom.

* 1430 — Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians and handed over to the English.

* 1536 — The Inquisition is established in Portugal by Pope Paul III, through the bull Cum ad nil magis.

* 1618 — The Second Defenestration of Prague precipitates the Thirty Years' War.

* 1706 — War of the Spanish Succession: John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, defeats a French army commanded by Marshal François de Neufville, Duke of Villeroy, at the Battle of Ramillies.

* 1911 — Opening of the New York Public Library.

* 1995 — The first version of the Java programming language is released.

*🌟 Births:*

* 1707 — Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist (d. 1778).

* 1865 — Epitácio Pessoa, Brazilian jurist and politician, 11th President of Brazil (d. 1942).

* 1908 — Sílvio Caldas, Brazilian singer and composer (d. 1998).

* 1933 — Joan Collins, British actress and writer.

* 1972 — Rubens Barrichello, Brazilian racing driver.

* 1998 — Sérgio Sette Câmara, Brazilian racing driver.

* 2000 — Felipe Drugovich, Brazilian racing driver.

*🕊 Deaths:*

* 1498 — Girolamo Savonarola, Italian friar (b. 1452).

* 1857 — Augustin Louis Cauchy, French mathematician (b. 1789).

* 1906 — Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright and poet (b. 1828).

* 1934 — Bonnie and Clyde, American criminals (b. 1910 and 1909).

* 1937 — John Davison Rockefeller, American businessman and philanthropist (b. 1839).

* 2015 — John Forbes Nash, American mathematician (b. 1928).

* 2025 — Sebastião Salgado, Brazilian photographer (b. 1944).

*📍 Holidays and Cyclical Events:*

* World Turtle Day

*Brazil:*

* Espírito Santo — Day of the colonization of Espírito Santo land.

* Constitutional Youth Day
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