The technical essence of Conflux can be summarized as:

Conflux's core technological breakthrough lies in its innovative Tree-Graph ledger structure and GHAST consensus algorithm.

Below is a detailed analysis of its technical principles: ⬇️⬇️

I. Core Problem: Performance Bottlenecks in Traditional Blockchains
Traditional blockchains (such as Bitcoin and Ethereum) use a chain structure, where blocks must be strung into a single chain. This design has two fundamental problems:
Resource Waste: When forks occur in the network, the system can only select one fork, and the remaining fork blocks (called "orphaned blocks") are completely discarded. These discarded blocks neither contribute to system security nor increase throughput.

Limited Performance: Because blocks can only be processed linearly, system throughput is severely constrained. Bitcoin processes a maximum of 7 transactions per second, and Ethereum processes about 30-40, far from meeting the needs of large-scale commercial applications.

II. Innovative Design of the Tree-Graph Structure
Conflux breaks away from the mindset that "blocks must form a single chain" and creatively proposes the Tree-Graph structure—a hybrid ledger structure combining the characteristics of both trees and graphs.

2.1 Two Types of Pointers: Parent Edges and Reference Edges
Conflux's innovation lies in each block containing two different types of pointers:

Parent Edge: Points to the parent block of this block; each block can have only one parent edge. All blocks are connected through parent edges, forming a tree structure.

Reference Edges: Point to other historical blocks, expressing the happens-before relationship between blocks. A block can reference multiple other blocks, and these reference edges expand the tree structure into a graph structure.

The elegance of this design is that: if you only look at parent edges, the ledger structure is a tree; if you look at both parent and reference edges, it becomes a graph. Hence the name Tree-Graph, meaning "a tree contained within a graph."

2.2 Parallel Block Production: Fully Utilizing Network Resources
In a traditional chain structure, miners must know the previous block before generating the next block, causing block production speed to be limited by network propagation delays. Conflux, however, allows different nodes to produce blocks concurrently, fully utilizing network bandwidth and computing resources.

This means that even if multiple miners produce blocks simultaneously, these blocks are not discarded but are all incorporated into the Tree-Graph structure for processing. All blocks in the system contribute to throughput, unlike Bitcoin, where a large amount of computing power is wasted on orphaned blocks.

III. GHAST Consensus Algorithm: Achieving Total Order of Blocks
Although the Tree-Graph structure allows parallel block production, it also introduces a new problem: how to determine the global order of these parallel blocks? Conflux solves this through the GHAST (Greedy Heaviest-Adaptive SubTree) algorithm.

3.1 Selection of the Pivot Chain
The GHAST algorithm uses the heaviest subtree rule to determine the pivot chain:

Starting from the genesis block, the system iteratively selects the child block with the largest subtree (including the block itself and all its descendant blocks) as the next block on the pivot chain.

This rule differs from Bitcoin's "longest chain rule." The longest chain only considers chain length, while the heaviest subtree considers the total number of blocks in the entire subtree, making it more robust and resistant to liveness attacks.

3.2 Epoch Mechanism: Mapping a DAG into a Linear Sequence
After determining the pivot chain, Conflux performs a total ordering of blocks through the Epoch mechanism:

Definition of Epoch: Each block on the pivot chain defines an epoch. The epoch to which a forked block belongs is determined by the epoch of the first pivot chain block generated after it.

Sorting Rules:
This way, Conflux maps the complex DAG structure into a sortable logical structure, ensuring all nodes agree on the order of blocks, thereby supporting Turing-complete smart contract execution.

IV. Security Analysis

4.1 Resistance to 51% Attacks

Conflux's security analysis shows that:

To reverse a confirmed transaction, an attacker would need to change the pivot chain, meaning the subtree weight of blocks produced by the attacker must exceed the subtree weight of blocks produced by honest nodes.

If honest nodes' computing power is concentrated, the attacker needs at least 51% of the total computing power to succeed. If honest nodes' computing power is dispersed (producing more sub-blocks), the honest blocks' subtree weight is larger, requiring more computing power from the attacker to surpass it.

4.2 Defense Against Double-Spend Attacks

Conflux defends against double-spend attacks through the following mechanism:
Unless an attacker can change the pivot chain, they cannot reverse confirmed transactions. Because malicious blocks will be arranged in later epochs and cannot affect transactions in earlier epochs.

Changing an old block in the pivot chain requires the attacker to continuously produce blocks faster than honest nodes, which is impossible with less than 50% of the total computing power.

V. Performance Breakthrough
Through the innovative design of the Tree-Graph structure and GHAST algorithm, Conflux achieves outstanding performance:

High Throughput: The system can process more than 3000 transactions per second, 428 times that of Bitcoin and 75 times that of Ethereum.

Fast Confirmation: Transaction confirmation time is compressed to under 30 seconds, providing a user experience close to traditional centralized systems.

Extreme Evolution: After 8 major upgrades and 42 version iterations, the mainnet achieved a performance breakthrough of "supporting tens of thousands of global cross-domain nodes / 15,000 TPS."

VI. The Technical Essence of Conflux Can Be Summarized as

The technical essence of Conflux can be summarized as: form is scattered but spirit is not scattered—the organizational structure of blocks is no longer a single chain; different nodes in the system can produce blocks concurrently, fully utilizing network resources; after the total ordering of blocks through the GHAST algorithm, the logical order of these blocks is no different from that of ordinary blockchains, and does not affect transaction execution.

This innovation, while maintaining security and decentralization, greatly improves the performance of the blockchain system, enabling it to truly support large-scale commercial applications.

Disclaimer:
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