Complexity and delays in policy making

Parliamentary mechanisms that involve collaboration among various factions and the harmonization of opposing interests tend to be prolonged and prone to paralysis.

Illustrative case: In Spain, the intricate legislative dynamics and conflicts between political groups can hinder the implementation of urgent measures.

Preponderance of the majorities:

A parliamentary regime based on majority voting could overlook the concerns and perspectives of minority groups. This can lead to a hegemony of the majority faction.

Illustrative case: In numerous European nations, there is concern about the possibility that strict and discriminatory immigration regulations against minority groups may be a consequence of the dominance of majority sectors.

Vulnerability to populism and demagogic rhetoric:

Parliamentary systems can be manipulated by charismatic leaders skilled in exploiting populist sentiments and demagogic rhetoric to gain power, even when they undermine democratic principles. An illustrative case: in Poland, the Law and Justice party has managed to strengthen its influence through a nationalist and Eurosceptic narrative that has polarized society.

Substantial investment and civic maturity:

The effective implementation of a parliamentary system requires a robust institutional structure, adequate civic education, and an entrenched democratic culture. This implies a considerable investment and prolonged development. An illustrative case: Numerous nations that have recently emerged from authoritarian regimes face the challenge of building parliamentary infrastructure and fostering a mature political culture.

Obstacles in critical situations:

In crisis contexts that demand a prompt and assertive response, parliamentary systems are often perceived as slow and inefficient. This can lead to calls for restrictions on freedoms and centralization of power. Illustrative case: during the COVID-19 health crisis, several countries with parliamentary systems found themselves needing to adopt measures that restricted freedoms and mobility to contain the spread of the virus.