Question 1

What is DUSK and what is it used for?

Accepted Answer

DUSK is the native token of the Dusk mainnet and has two primary protocol uses: paying for Gas consumed by transactions and on-chain execution, and participating in network security through staking to receive corresponding rewards. This refers to native DUSK on the Dusk mainnet; ERC-20 and BEP-20 versions on Ethereum or BSC are versions on different networks. These two uses form a loop: users pay fees in DUSK when initiating on-chain operations; active staking participants propose and validate blocks, while fees in those blocks and newly issued tokens together form the sources of rewards.

Question 2

How are DUSK network transaction fees calculated?

Accepted Answer

Dusk transaction fees are paid in DUSK and calculated as “actual Gas used × Gas price.” Gas is the unit of work required to complete a transaction or on-chain execution; when submitting a transaction, users set a Gas limit and a Gas price denominated in LUX. LUX is the smallest unit of mainnet DUSK, where 1 DUSK = 1,000,000,000 LUX. The Gas limit caps the amount of work a transaction can consume, while the final fee is settled based on actual Gas used and unused Gas is not charged. If Gas is exhausted, the transaction reverts, but consumed Gas must still be paid; these collected fees enter block rewards and are then distributed by the protocol according to its reward rules.

Question 3

What stages are involved in directly staking DUSK?

Accepted Answer

Directly staking DUSK means operating a provisioner node yourself and having it participate in proposing and validating blocks. The minimum direct stake is 1,000 DUSK; the node must remain online, synchronized, correctly configured, and use the required software version, otherwise it cannot reliably participate in consensus. A submitted stake does not become effective immediately. It becomes active at the start of the epoch following the next epoch boundary; each epoch is 2,160 blocks and typically takes about 6 to 12 hours at the target block time, depending on where the transaction falls within the current epoch. Before activation, the stake does not participate in consensus and therefore does not receive rewards as an active stake.

Question 4

Where do DUSK staking rewards come from, and why are they not fixed?

Accepted Answer

DUSK staking rewards are not fixed returns. A stake is eligible for rewards only after it has been activated and the provisioner actually participates in consensus; the return for an individual staking position depends on consensus participation and on that position's size relative to the total active stake across the network, so results may differ across periods. Each block's rewards consist of two parts: newly issued DUSK and all transaction fees collected by that block. In the allocation listed by the protocol documentation, the block generator receives 70% and may receive up to an additional 10% based on credits included in the certificate; this unallocated portion is burned. The development fund, validation committee, and approval committee receive 10%, 5%, and 5%, respectively. This shows that having transaction fees or new issuance does not mean all of it goes directly to a single staker.

Question 5

What are DUSK's supply and emission rules?

Accepted Answer

DUSK has a maximum supply of 1 billion tokens: 500 million are the initial supply, and another 500 million are emitted by the network over 36 years to support staking rewards. Maximum supply is the total cap of this model and is not equivalent to circulating supply at any given time. Subsequent emissions use a geometric decay model with a halving factor of 0.5, meaning they halve every four years. This means emissions are not released uniformly each year: the issuance rate per unit of time is higher in the initial four-year period, then each subsequent four-year period falls to approximately half of the prior one; what changes is the rate at which new DUSK enters the reward system, rather than redistributing tokens that already exist.

Question 6

How is DUSK unstaked, and are rewards credited automatically?

Accepted Answer

There is no waiting period for unstaking at the protocol level: after an unstaking transaction succeeds, all or part of the stake can be unstaked, but the remaining position must retain at least 1,000 DUSK. Unstaking incurs a network fee. Unstaking an active or locked stake does not automatically withdraw accumulated rewards; withdrawing rewards is a separate wallet operation. Therefore, “principal can be unstaked” and “rewards have been withdrawn” are two different states. If DUSK is added to an already active stake, 90% immediately becomes active stake and 10% is recorded as locked stake; the locked portion remains owned by the staker but does not participate in consensus.

Question 7

What node and penalty risks are involved in directly staking DUSK?

Accepted Answer

The main protocol risks of direct staking arise from a node failing to participate correctly in consensus and from provable misconduct. Soft penalties apply to participation failures: a provisioner may be suspended, and part of its active stake may be converted to locked stake; locked stake does not participate in consensus but remains owned by the staker. Hard penalties apply to provable invalid consensus behavior, such as invalid votes or signing conflicting proposals or votes. Such situations suspend the provisioner and may burn part of its stake. Using a third-party pool avoids operating a node personally, but that pool's returns, withdrawal rules, custody, operator, and smart-contract risks are all separate from the Dusk base protocol.

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