Question 1

What is CCD?

Accepted Answer

CCD is the native token of the Concordium network. It is used to pay fees for transfers and smart-contract execution, and for validator staking and delegated staking; these uses make CCD part of both transaction processing and network security. CCD was created in the genesis block, and any subsequently added CCD can only be produced through the protocol's minting process. It is therefore not an application token that can be issued arbitrarily by an individual application contract.

Question 2

What can CCD be used for?

Accepted Answer

Submitting a CCD transfer or calling a smart contract requires paying a CCD transaction fee. The protocol uses euros as the transaction price benchmark, rather than directly setting a fixed CCD amount as the price, so changes in CCD's market price do not directly change the fee's euro-denominated price. The documented price for a basic CCD transfer is EUR 0.01; more complex operations such as smart-contract calls also depend on computational complexity and the amount of data processed. A fixed fee benchmark does not mean every operation costs the same: operations consume different resources, so final fees also differ.

Question 3

How can I participate in network staking with CCD?

Accepted Answer

Participants have two paths: operate a validator themselves or delegate CCD. Operating a validator requires staking at least 500,000 CCD and running node software; validators receive block-production opportunities according to their relative stake size. Holders who do not operate nodes can delegate to a validator pool or choose passive delegation. Rewards for a specific pool are distributed according to the proportion of stake in that pool, after deducting the delegation commission set by the validator; passive delegation returns are equivalent to the average result of delegation diversified among pools according to their stake proportions, but a fixed 25% commission is charged. A delegation pool's effective stake is also subject to two caps: no more than 5% of all CCD staked on the network for a single pool counts toward lottery weight and rewards, and no more than six times the validator's own stake for the pool's total stake counts. These limits mean the portion above the caps does not increase the corresponding probability of producing blocks or rewards.

Question 4

How are CCD issuance and new supply generated?

Accepted Answer

10 billion CCD were created once in the genesis block; after that, protocol minting is the only mechanism for new CCD. Official documentation describes current minting as occurring daily and growing at an annualized rate of 4%, with a long-term target of falling to 2%. “Annualized growth” here describes the pace of minting, not the percentage by which a holder's balance automatically increases. New CCD enter the reward system, and the documentation also states that as the number of transactions increases, the minting rate decreases, so validators continue to receive sufficient incentives as transaction fees rise.

Question 5

Where do staking rewards come from?

Accepted Answer

Validators and delegators have two reward sources: transaction fees and newly minted CCD. From each source, 90% is distributed to validators and delegators, while the remaining 10% is distributed to the Concordium Foundation. For transaction-fee rewards, 45% of all transaction fees in a block goes directly to the pool that produced that block, while another 45% first enters an accumulation account and is gradually distributed to pools that produce subsequent blocks; this smooths transaction-fee returns among pools. Minting rewards are calculated according to the number of effective blocks per day and settled on pay day. After a pool receives rewards, members share them in proportion to their stake in the pool; validators may set delegation commissions separately for transaction rewards and block rewards, with commissions transferred from the portion due to delegators to the validator operating that pool.

Question 6

What is the relationship between CCD and network governance?

Accepted Answer

CCD is officially listed as having a governance use in Concordium and can be used to participate in governance decisions related to the network. This use differs from paying transaction fees or entering a staking pool: the former is decision participation, while the latter two serve transaction execution and consensus security respectively. Whether a user has eligibility for a specific vote, how voting weight is calculated, and how a change takes effect depend on the governance rules applicable at the time; holding or staking CCD alone must not be used to infer the outcome of a particular proposal.

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