Trump dévoile une taxe de 100 % sur certains médicaments brevetés à l'occasion de l'anniversaire de la « Journée de la Libération »

NEW YORK (AP) — Le président Donald Trump a signé, jeudi, un décret exécutif qui pourrait imposer des droits de douane sur les produits pharmaceutiques fortement menacés, pouvant aller jusqu’à 100 %, sur certains médicaments brevetés de sociétés qui ne concluent pas d’accords avec son administration dans les mois à venir.

Les entreprises qui ont signé un accord de tarification « la nation la plus favorisée » et construisent activement des installations aux États-Unis pour rapatrier la production de produits pharmaceutiques brevetés et de leurs ingrédients auront un droit de douane de 0 %. Pour celles qui n’ont pas d’accord de tarification mais construisent de tels projets aux États-Unis, un droit de 20 % s’appliquera, mais il passera à 100 % dans quatre ans.

Un haut responsable de l’administration a déclaré aux journalistes lors d’un point presse que les entreprises ont encore des mois pour négocier avant que les droits de 100 % n’entrent en vigueur — 120 jours pour les plus grandes entreprises, et 180 jours pour les autres. Le responsable, s’exprimant sous couvert d’anonymat afin de présenter le décret exécutif avant sa publication, n’a identifié aucune entreprise ni aucun médicament menacé d’écoper des droits de douane majorés, mais a indiqué que l’administration avait déjà conclu 17 accords de tarification avec de grands fabricants de médicaments, dont 13 ont été signés.

Dans le décret, Trump a écrit qu’il jugeait ces actions nécessaires « pour faire face à l’affaiblissement menacé de la sécurité nationale posé par les importations de produits pharmaceutiques et d’ingrédients pharmaceutiques ». Le texte est arrivé le jour du premier anniversaire du prétendu « Liberation Day » de Trump, lorsque le président a dévoilé de nouveaux impôts d’importation d’envergure, sur presque tous les pays du monde qui avaient fait plonger le marché boursier. Ces droits de douane du « Liberation Day » faisaient partie des taxes que la Cour suprême a annulées en février.

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            Some warned of consequences of the coming tariffs announced Thursday. Stephen J. Ubl, CEO of pharmaceutical company trade group PhRMA, said taxes “on cutting-edge medicines will increase costs and could jeopardize billions in U.S. investments.” He pointed to America’s already large footprint in biopharmaceutical manufacturing and noted medicines sourced from other countries “overwhelmingly come from reliable U.S. allies.”

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Trump has launched a barrage of new import taxes on America’s trading partners since the start of his second term and repeatedly pledged that sky-high levies on foreign-made drugs were on the way. But the administration has also used the threat of new levies to strike deals with major companies — like Pfizer, Eli Lilly and Bristol Myers Squibb — over the last year, with promises of lower prices for new drugs.

Beyond company-specific rates, a handful of countries have reached trade frameworks with the U.S. to further cap tariffs on drugs sent to the U.S. The EU, Japan, Korea and Switzerland will see a 15% U.S. tariff on patented pharmaceuticals, matching previously agreed rates for most goods, and the U.K. will get 10% — which Thursday’s order noted would “then reduce to zero” under future trade agreements. The U.K. previously said it secured a 0% tariff rate for all British medicines exported to the U.S. for at least three years.

Trump also unveils update to metal tariffs

In addition Thursday, Trump rolled out an update on his 50% tariffs on imported steel, aluminum and copper. Starting Monday, tariff rates on those metals will be calculated based on the “full customs value” of what U.S. customers pay when buying foreign metal under the latest order, which the administration officials claimed will keep importers from other countries from escaping higher payments.

Products fully made of steel, aluminum and copper will continued to be tariffed at 50% for most countries. But the administration is also shifting how tariffs are calculated for derivative metals — or finished goods that contain some of these metals, but are not made entirely of them.

For a product with metal that amounts to less than 15% of its entire weight (like the cap on a perfume bottle) only country-specific tariffs will now apply, officials told reporters Thursday. But for products with more metal, such as a largely steel washing machine, they said a 25% tariff will apply to the whole value.

More sectoral taxes are piling up

Thursday’s orders reflect the latest example of Trump tapping into sectoral duties. The president used Section 232 of the 1962 Trade Expansion Act to impose the levies, the same authority he cited to slap import taxes on cars, lumber and even kitchen cabinets. And many expect to see more product-specific import taxes down the road.

That’s because a ruling from the Supreme Court struck down tariffs Trump imposed using another law — the 1977 International Emergency Economic Powers Act — to immediately slap tariffs on any country, at nearly any level.

While the Feb. 20 court decision marked a significant blow to Trump’s economic agenda, the president still has plenty of options to keep taxing imports aggressively. Beyond sectoral levies, Trump also imposed a 10% tariff on all imports under a separate legal power mere hours after the Supreme Court’s ruling, but that duty can only last for 150 days. Some two dozen states already challenged the new tariffs.

Trump has argued his steep new import taxes are necessary to bring back wealth that was “stolen” from the U.S. He says they will narrow America’s decades-old trade deficit and bring manufacturing back to the country. But Trump has also turned to tariffs amid personal grudges, or in response to political critics. And upending the global supply chain has proven costly for businesses and households that are already strained by rising prices.