Under the new criteria, students must still demonstrate financial need and Montana residency.
Blood quantum, a concept rooted in assimilation tactics, refers to the fractional amount of tribal affiliation in an individual’s ancestry. Most tribes nationwide use blood quantum to determine eligibility for tribal citizenship. Many experts say tribes will soon have to change blood quantum as a membership criteria if they are to survive as political entities. A tribe cannot exist without members, and as tribal members marry outside of their tribe and have children with decreasing proportions of legal tribal identity through the generations, tribes lose population.
“Descendant” typically refers to someone related to an enrolled tribal member. Some tribes define a descendant as someone whose parent or grandparent is enrolled; other tribes say a descendant is anyone who can trace a relationship to an original list of enrolled members.
Angela McLean, director of American Indian and minority achievement at OCHE, the administrative arm of the Board of Regents, said her office believes the changes “are going to expand eligibility opportunities for students.”
She wrote in an email to MTFP that educational institutions will not receive additional state funding to account for the changes and will have to cover any additional costs of the expanded waiver through “reallocation of other portions of campus budgets.”
McLean said OCHE has been communicating with financial aid officers across university system campuses about the changes “to make sure that they accept a broad spectrum of documentation” related to descendant status. Tribes, she said, can determine for themselves what kind of documentation, if any, they provide to descendants.
Students who are participating in the waiver program before the changes go into effect, McLean said, will continue to receive the waiver through the completion of their current degree.
对本地学费减免政策的调整可能会为数千人提供更广泛的高等教育机会
从7月1日起,新的潜在学生群体将有资格在蒙大拿州获得美国原住民学费减免——这一变化可能让成千上万的人上大学更负担得起,并影响校园预算。该变化也在部落领导者中引发了复杂的反应。
美国原住民学费减免是一项已有数十年历史的蒙大拿大学系统项目,旨在鼓励符合条件的美洲原住民学生接受高等教育:通过承担学费成本来实现。根据高等教育委员会(OCHE)办公室发布的数据,约有800名原住民学生每年获得资助,成本由州政府承担约380万美元。
在即将到来的变更之前,学生必须是蒙大拿州内联邦承认部落的成员,或至少出示“印第安血统”四分之一的证明;同时要证明经济需要,并且是该州居民,才符合减免资格。
在受到唐纳德·特朗普总统于2025年1月发布的行政令施压之后,该行政令要求各机构“结束非法(多元、平等与包容)歧视和偏好”,由负责管理蒙大拿大学系统的摄政委员会在2025年7月批准了对减免项目的两项修改:取消血统分量(blood quantum)要求,并将部落登记要求扩大到包括未登记的部落“后裔(descendants)”。
Under the new criteria, students must still demonstrate financial need and Montana residency.
Blood quantum, a concept rooted in assimilation tactics, refers to the fractional amount of tribal affiliation in an individual’s ancestry. Most tribes nationwide use blood quantum to determine eligibility for tribal citizenship. Many experts say tribes will soon have to change blood quantum as a membership criteria if they are to survive as political entities. A tribe cannot exist without members, and as tribal members marry outside of their tribe and have children with decreasing proportions of legal tribal identity through the generations, tribes lose population.
“Descendant” typically refers to someone related to an enrolled tribal member. Some tribes define a descendant as someone whose parent or grandparent is enrolled; other tribes say a descendant is anyone who can trace a relationship to an original list of enrolled members.
Angela McLean, director of American Indian and minority achievement at OCHE, the administrative arm of the Board of Regents, said her office believes the changes “are going to expand eligibility opportunities for students.”
She wrote in an email to MTFP that educational institutions will not receive additional state funding to account for the changes and will have to cover any additional costs of the expanded waiver through “reallocation of other portions of campus budgets.”
McLean said OCHE has been communicating with financial aid officers across university system campuses about the changes “to make sure that they accept a broad spectrum of documentation” related to descendant status. Tribes, she said, can determine for themselves what kind of documentation, if any, they provide to descendants.
Students who are participating in the waiver program before the changes go into effect, McLean said, will continue to receive the waiver through the completion of their current degree.
紧张的会议
在2025年12月州议会的州—部落关系临时委员会会议上,OCHE负责政府关系与传播事务的副专员Galen Hollenbaugh告诉立法者:摄政委员会去年7月采纳这些变更,是作为对特朗普行政令的回应。
在2025年1月,特朗普签署了一项行政令,内容是“终止非法歧视并恢复基于功绩的机会”。
该行政令指称,包括高等教育在内的机构“以所谓‘多元、平等与包容’(DEI)或‘多元、平等、包容与可及性’(DEIA’的名义,使用危险的、贬低性的、基于种族和性别的偏好,这可能违反本国的民权法律”。行政令要求机构终止此类偏好,并表示教育部长将向接受联邦资金的高等教育机构发布指导,涉及“为遵守要求所必需的做法”。
Hollenbaugh说,这份行政令之后于2月收到了美国教育部民权办公室(Office for Civil Rights)发出的“亲爱的同事(Dear Colleague)”来信,表明该部门将“采取适当措施来评估合规情况”。
信中称,学校“惯常地在招生、经济资助、招聘、培训以及其他机构项目中以种族作为一个因素”,并警告“基于种族、肤色或国籍的歧视一直、正在并将继续是非法的”。
“未能遵守联邦民权法的机构,可能会在符合适用法律的前提下面临潜在的联邦资金损失,”该信称。
Hollenbaugh在12月向州—部落关系临时委员会表示,特朗普的行政令以及政府的合规来信“在我们审视(美国原住民学费)减免中的血统分量要求时引起了一些担忧”。
他说:“我们非常担心这会变成一种带有种族歧视可能性的情形,从而使得这项减免项目陷入危机。”
一些部落领导者如今表示,这种担忧正是他们反对该项目的基础——尽管该项目原本看起来对蒙大拿州部落成员似乎是一项令人欢迎的福利。根据联邦印第安法的既有认定,部落公民身份是一种政治分类,而非种族分类。
在7月,摄政委员会取消了血统分量要求,并将部落登记要求扩大到包括后裔。(在8月,一名马里兰州的美国地区法官认定:当美国教育部威胁要从将DEI举措纳入其中的教育机构手中扣留联邦资金时,它违反了法律。)
2023年提出过一项法案、试图将类似的变更写入学费减免项目的州参议员Jonathan Windy Boy(D-Box Elder)问Hollenbaugh:摄政委员会在实施该变更前是否曾与部落协商。
他在12月的委员会会议上说:“当有重大政策影响部落时,部落需要提前知道。如果在这件事上不是这样,那我对此就有问题。”
Hollenbaugh在12月于州—部落关系委员会中反复表示,这项变更的意图是“确保该减免项目的长期稳定性”。他在谈到围绕特朗普行政令的法律关切时说,“时间上的紧迫性相当迫在眉睫。”
由州—部落关系委员会主席Tyson Running Wolf(D-Browning)告诉Hollenbaugh:他在2025年立法会议期间起草过一项法案,试图在学费减免项目中实施类似变更,但最终撤回了,因为他开始担心其影响,并认为“在部落社区里可能会引发真正的争议”。
Running Wolf法案的财政分析估计:如果蒙大拿州部落的后裔在2024年秋季就有资格获得减免,那么该减免将为约1,373名新增学生承担学费。分析称,这些变更将使州政府在2027年承担550万美元、2028年承担570万美元、到2029年则几乎达到600万美元的成本,考虑到人口增长。
Running Wolf本周告诉MTFP,他对摄政委员会实施的这些变更“感到复杂的心情”。尽管他希望调整后的标准能扩大原住民学生的教育机会,但他希望能在提前时就与部落协商。
他说:“我并不是说我有答案。我不知道在与部落和大学学生协商之后,最终裁决会是什么样。我们从未走到那一步。我们没能做到。”
Running Wolf还表示,因为联邦印第安法将美洲原住民定义为属于一种政治——而非种族——类别的成员,因此摄政委员会并没有必要为了应对特朗普行政令中针对“基于种族的歧视”的目标而采取变更。
他说:“原本的学费减免项目根本不会受到威胁。没有什么紧迫性。”
在被问及缺乏部落协商后,McLean在给MTFP的邮件中写道,OCHE“已联系每一位部落政府,并且我们将继续在全州范围开展这些外联工作”。
更大范围准入的希望
蒙大拿州立大学(Montana State University)助学金服务办公室主任James Broscheit表示,虽然在招生周期的早期,关于经济资助的询问还不多,但他已经收到几名学生关于新的资格要求的提问。他说,以前的血统分量要求对一些学生来说很难满足,尤其是当他们不知道如何找到相关证明时。
他说:“理想情况下,这会给学生铺一条更容易走一点的路。”
负责萨利希-库特奈(Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes)部落的奖学金官员Miranda Burland表示,她对将首次获得减免资格的学生感到兴奋。
她说:“我觉得当学生知道有更多资金机会时,几乎就能看到一点点缓解。他们的肩膀会放下那么一点点。对他们来说,焦虑没有那么高了。从经济上来说,这为这么多的人打开了大门。”
该报道最初由Montana Free Press发布,并通过与美联社(The Associated Press)的合作伙伴关系进行转载。