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Hermès International: 2025 Full-Year Results
This is a paid press release. Contact the press release distributor directly with any inquiries.
Hermès International: 2025 Full-Year Results
Hermès International
Thu, February 12, 2026 at 4:00 PM GMT+9 18 min read
In this article:
HESAF
+0.20%
HESAY
+0.21%
Hermès International
**Revenue exceeded the €16 billion threshold **
**and operating income up 7% **
Paris, 12 February 2026
The group’s consolidated revenue amounted to €16 billion in 2025, up 9% at constant exchange rates and 5.5% at current exchange rates compared to 2024. Recurring operating income amounted to €6.6 billion (41% of sales), up 7%. Net profit (group share) reached €4.5 billion, up 5.5%, excluding the exceptional contribution on the profits of large companies in France, at the same pace as sales.
In the fourth quarter, sales reached €4.1 billion, increasing by 10% at constant exchange rates, as in the previous quarter. Sales growth was solid across all the geographical areas against a particularly high comparison basis. Europe, Japan, the Americas and the Middle East recorded double-digit growth.
Axel Dumas, Executive Chairman of Hermès, said: “The Hermès model based on an exclusive and qualitative network, as well as strong vertical integration, has once again proven successful. This distinctive strategy has enabled the house to achieve robust revenue growth and strong performance. I warmly thank the Hermès teams who share our commitment to uncompromising quality as well as our customers for their loyalty. In an uncertain environment, Hermès is moving into 2026 with confidence, underpinned by its creativity and exceptional savoir-faire.”
Sales by geographical area at the end of December
(at constant exchange rates unless otherwise indicated)
At the end of December 2025, all the geographical areas posted strong growth. The distribution network continued its qualitative expansion, with store openings and extensions.
Sales by sector at the end of December
(at constant exchange rates unless otherwise indicated)
At the end of December 2025, all the métiers posted growth, with the exception of the Perfume & Beauty and Watches métiers.
Solid results and strong cash generation
Recurring operating income amounted to €6.6 billion, up by 7% from €6.2 billion in 2024. Despite the negative impact of currency effects, recurring operating profitability improved and reached 41%, compared to 40.5% in 2024.
Consolidated net profit (group share), which includes the exceptional contribution on the profits of large companies in France, amounted to €4.5 billion, compared to €4.6 billion in 2024. Adjusted for this exceptional contribution, consolidated net profit (group share) amounted to €4.86 billion, up by 5.5%, at the same pace as sales growth.
Cash flow from operating activities reached €5.4 billion, up 5%. Excluding the exceptional contribution on profits, it increased by 11%. After operational investments (€1.2 billion) and repayment of lease liabilities (€0.3 billion), the adjusted free cash flow reached €3.9 billion.
After distribution of dividends of €2.8 billion, the restated net cash position amounted to €12.8 billion at the end of December 2025, compared to €12.0 billion at the end of December 2024.
A responsible, sustainable model
Hermès continues to create employment and increased its workforce by more than 1,300 people, including 800 in France. At the end of 2025, the group employed 26,494 people, including 16,349 in France. Over the past three years, Hermès has created nearly 6,200 jobs, including more than 3,500 in France.
True to its willingness to share the fruits of growth, Hermès announced a €120 gross monthly increase for all employees in France, in addition to individual raises. In addition, the house will be giving out a bonus of €3,000 in March to all its employees worldwide in respect of 2025. Committed to excellence in craftsmanship and its transmission, the group has opened two new Hermès École des savoir-faire schools in France, bringing the total number of training facilities to twelve.
Hermès has continued its action for the climate in line with the goals defined for 2030 and validated by the Science Based Target initiative (SBTi). Since 2018, scopes 1 and 2 have seen a 69% reduction in absolute value, while scope 3 has decreased by 58% in intensity1.
The house’s environmental approach is reflected in the implementation of Hermès’ particularly demanding responsible real-estate standard, which brings together best practices from across the market: a distinctive and demanding methodology designed to reconcile environmental, social and local anchoring performance.
The sustainable and responsible dimension of the Hermès artisanal model was recognised in its Sustainalytics rating, rewarded in July with the CAC 60 Large-Cap Grand Prix at the Transparency Awards, and through the house’s inclusion, for the fourth consecutive year, in the CDP “A List”. These results bear witness to Hermès’ strong commitments and values.
**Proposed dividend **
At the General Meeting to be held on 17 April 2026, a dividend of €18.00 per share will be proposed. The €5.00 interim dividend, to be paid on 18 February 2026, will be deducted from the dividend approved by the General Meeting.
**Other highlights **
At the end of December 2025, currency fluctuations represented a significant negative impact of €515 million on revenue.
Hermès International did not redeem any shares, except for transactions completed within the framework of the liquidity contract.
Outlook
In the medium-term, despite the economic, geopolitical and monetary uncertainties around the world, the group confirms an ambitious goal for revenue growth at constant exchange rates.
In a still uncertain economic and geopolitical context, the group has moved into 2026 with confidence, thanks to the highly integrated artisanal model, the balanced distribution network, the creativity of collections and the loyalty of clients.
Thanks to its unique business model, Hermès is pursuing its long-term development strategy based on creativity, maintaining control over know-how and singular communication.
The theme of the year for 2026, Venture beyond, is an invitation to discover new horizons and renew our curiosity, constantly.
_The press release and the presentation of the 2025 results are available on the group’s website: __
_At the Supervisory Board meeting on 11 February 2026, Executive Management presented the audited financial statements for 2025. The audit procedures have been completed and the audit report is under preparation. _
The procedures for the verification of sustainability information are underway.
_The complete consolidated financial statements will be available by 31 March 2026 at the following address and on the AMF website: _www.amf-france.org
Upcoming events:
2025 KEY FIGURES
| In millions of euros | 2025 | 2024 | | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Revenue | 16,002 | 15,170 | | Growth at current exchange rates vs. n-1 | 5.5% | 13.0% | | _Growth at constant exchange rates vs. n-1 _(1) | 8.9% | 14.7% | | | | | | **Recurring operating income **(2) | 6,569 | 6,150 | | As a % of revenue | 41.0% | 40.5% | | | | | | Operating income | 6,569 | 6,150 | | As a % of revenue | 41.0% | 40.5% | | | | | | Net profit – Group share | 4,524 | 4,603 | | As a % of revenue * | 28.3% | 30.3% | | | | | | Operating cash flows | 5,607 | 5,378 | | | | | | Operating Investments | 1,161 | 1,067 | | | | | | Adjusted free cash flows (3) | 3,880 | 3,767 | | | | | | Equity – Group share | 18,840 | 17,327 | | | | | | Net cash position (4) | 12,239 | 11,642 | | | | | | Restated net cash position (5) | 12,773 | 12,039 | | | | | | Workforce (number of employees) (6) | 26,494 | 25,185 |
(1) _Growth at constant exchange rates is calculated by applying, for each currency, the average exchange rates of the previous period to the revenue for the period. _
(2) _Recurring operating income is one of the main performance indicators monitored by Group Management. It corresponds to operating income excluding non‑recurring items having a significant impact that may affect understanding of the group’s economic performance. _
(3) Adjusted free cash flows are the sum of cash flows related to operating activities, less operating investments and the repayment of lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16 (aggregates in the consolidated statement of cash flows).
(4) Net cash position includes cash and cash equivalents presented under balance sheet assets, less bank overdrafts which appear under short‑term borrowings and financial liabilities on the liabilities side. Net cash position does not include lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16.
(5) The restated net cash position corresponds to net cash plus cash investments that do not meet the IFRS criteria for cash equivalents due in particular to their original maturity of more than three months, less borrowings and financial liabilities.
(6) Permanent + fixed-term employment contracts with no length of service condition_._
* 30.3% in 2025 after restatement of the exceptional contribution on the profits of large companies in France.
REVENUE BY GEOGRAPHICAL AREA (1)
| | | As of Dec. 31****st, | | Evolution /2024 | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | In millions of Euros | | 2025 | 2024 | Published | At constant exchange rates | | France | | 1,575 | 1,447 | 8.9% | 8.9% | | Europe (excl. France) | | 2,362 | 2,147 | 10.0% | 11.3% | | Total Europe | | 3,937 | 3,594 | 9.6% | 10.4% | | Japan | | 1,591 | 1,437 | 10.7% | 14.1% | | Asia-Pacific (excl. Japan) | | 6,702 | 6,648 | 0.8% | 4.9% | | Total Asia | | 8,293 | 8,085 | 2.6% | 6.5% | | Americas | | 3,075 | 2,865 | 7.3% | 12.4% | | Other (Middle East) | | 697 | 627 | 11.2% | 14.9% | | TOTAL | | 16,002 | 15,170 | 5.5% | 8.9% |
| | | 4th quarter | | Evolution /2024 | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | In millions of Euros | | 2025 | 2024 | Published | At constant exchange rates | | France | | 432 | 401 | 7.8% | 7.8% | | Europe (excl. France) | | 641 | 593 | 8.1% | 10.6% | | Total Europe | | 1,073 | 994 | 8.0% | 9.5% | | Japan | | 387 | 384 | 0.8% | 11.2% | | Asia-Pacific (excl. Japan) | | 1,539 | 1,543 | (0.3%) | 8.0% | | Total Asia | | 1,926 | 1,927 | (0.1%) | 8.6% | | Americas | | 906 | 870 | 4.1% | 12.1% | | Other (Middle East) | | 182 | 171 | 6.4% | 13.5% | | TOTAL | | 4,087 | 3,962 | 3.1% | 9.8% |
(1)_ Sales by destination._
revenue by sector
| | | As of Dec. 31****st | | Evolution /2024 | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | In millions of Euros | | 2025 | 2024 | Published | At constant exchange rates | | Leather Goods and Saddlery (1) | | 7,070 | 6,457 | 9.5% | 13.1% | | Ready-to-wear and Accessories (2) | | 4,525 | 4,405 | 2.7% | 6.1% | | Silk and Textiles | | 964 | 950 | 1.5% | 4.7% | | Other Hermès sectors (3) | | 2,055 | 1,909 | 7.7% | 11.2% | | Perfume and Beauty | | 489 | 535 | (8.6%) | (7.6%) | | Watches | | 549 | 577 | (4.7%) | (1.5%) | | Other products (4) | | 349 | 337 | 3.4% | 5.5% | | TOTAL | | 16,002 | 15,170 | 5.5% | 8.9% |
| | | 4th quarter | | Evolution /2024 | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | In millions of Euros | | 2025 | 2024 | Published | At constant exchange rates | | Leather Goods and Saddlery (1) | | 1,792 | 1,669 | 7.4% | 14.6% | | Ready-to-wear and Accessories (2) | | 1,113 | 1,108 | 0.4% | 7.1% | | Silk and Textiles | | 308 | 304 | 1.3% | 7.1% | | Other Hermès sectors (3) | | 516 | 488 | 5.7% | 12.9% | | Perfume and Beauty | | 122 | 147 | (16.6%) | (14.6%) | | Watches | | 138 | 143 | (3.5%) | 3.2% | | Other products (4) | | 98 | 104 | (5.6%) | (1.7%) | | TOTAL | | 4,087 | 3,962 | 3.1% | 9.8% |
(1)_ The “Leather Goods and Saddlery” business line includes women’s and men’s bags, travel items, small leather goods and_ accessories, saddles, bridles and all equestrian objects and clothing.
(2)_ The “Ready-to-wear and Accessories” business line includes Hermès Ready-to-wear for men and women, belts, costume jewellery, gloves, hats and shoes._
(3)_ The “Other Hermès sectors” include Jewellery and Hermès home products (Art of Living and Hermès Tableware)._
(4)_ The “Other products” include the production activities carried out on behalf of non-group brands (textile printing, tanning…), as well as John Lobb, Saint-Louis and Puiforcat._
2025 quarterly revenue
| | | Q1 | Q2 | Q3 | Q4 | 2025 | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Revenue (in €m) | | 4,129 | 3,905 | 3,881 | 4,087 | 16,002 | | Growth at current exchange rates | | 8.5% | 5.6% | 4.8% | 3.1% | 5.5% | | Growth at constant exchange rates | | 7.2% | 9.0% | 9.6% | 9.8% | 8.9% |
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Extra-financial performances
| RESPONSIBLE EMPLOYER **+1,300 ** jobs created including +800 in France | DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION 7.90% direct disability employment rate in France | **GENDER ** EQUALITY 49% of women in the top 100 | | --- | --- | --- | | **VERTICAL ** INTEGRATION 55% manufactured in its in-house and exclusive workshops | **VALUE ** SHARING €328M of which €243M in incentive schemes and profit-sharing in France and €85M of worldwide bonus | **LOCAL ** PRODUCTION 75% objects made in France | | **CLIMATE ** **Scopes 1 & 2 **(SBTi) -69% emissions reduction in absolute value vs 2018 **SCOPE 3 **(SBTi) -58% emissions reduction in intensity vs 2018 | RESOURCE PRESERVATION 20 Sites certified under the internal real estate standard “Harmonie” | **WATER ** WITHDRAWAL -64% Industrial water intensity over 10 years |
APPENDIX – EXTRACT FROM CONSOLIDATED ACCOUNTS
Financial statements of the year, including notes to the consolidated accounts, will be available at the end of March 2026 on the website , together with the other chapters of the Annual Financial Report.
CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENT
| In millions of euros | 2025 | 2024 | | --- | --- | --- | | Revenue | **16,002 ** | 15,170 | | Cost of sales | (4,623) | (4,511) | | Gross margin | **11,379 ** | 10,660 | | Sales and administrative expenses | (3,704) | (3,569) | | Other income and expenses | (1,106) | (942) | | Recurring operating income | **6,569 ** | 6,150 | | Other non-recurring income and expenses | - | - | | Operating income | **6,569 ** | 6,150 | | Net financial income | 207 | 283 | | Net income before tax | **6,775 ** | 6,432 | | Income tax | (2,263) | (1,845) | | Net income from associates | 47 | 44 | | CONSOLIDATED NET INCOME | **4,560 ** | 4,631 | | Non-controlling interests | (36) | (28) | | NET INCOME ATTRIBUTABLE TO OWNERS OF THE PARENT | **4,524 ** | 4,603 | | Basic earnings per share (in euros) | 43.15 | 43.93 | | Diluted earnings per share_ (in euros)_ | 43.07 | 43.87 |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
| In millions of euros | 2025 | 2024 | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Consolidated net income | **4,560 ** | 4,631 | | | Changes in foreign currency adjustments | (523) | 168 | | | Hedges of future cash flows in foreign currencies 1 | 174 | (111) | | | Items recyclable through profit or loss | (348) | 57 | | | Assets at fair value 1 | (25) | 30 | | | Actuarial gains and losses 1 | 9 | (18) | | | Items not recyclable through profit or loss | (16) | 12 | | | Other comprehensive income | (365) | 69 | | | NET COMPREHENSIVE INCOME | **4,195 ** | 4,700 | | | * attributable to owners of the parent | _4,157 _ | 4,670 | | | * attributable to non-controlling interests | _38 _ | 29 | | | (1) Net of tax. | | | | | | | | |
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET
ASSETS
| In millions of euros | 31/12/2025 | 31/12/2024 | | --- | --- | --- | | Goodwill | 180 | 228 | | Intangible assets | 231 | 237 | | Right-of-use assets | 2,002 | 1,786 | | Property, plant and equipment | 3,486 | 2,980 | | Financial assets | 1,196 | 1,050 | | Investments in associates | 227 | 238 | | Deferred tax assets | 914 | 929 | | Other non-current assets | 176 | 159 | | Non-current assets | **8,412 ** | 7,608 | | Inventories and work-in-progress | 2,575 | 2,797 | | Trade and other receivables | 418 | 478 | | Current tax receivables | 45 | 28 | | Other current assets | 370 | 398 | | Financial derivatives | 262 | 132 | | Cash and cash equivalents | 12,239 | 11,642 | | Current assets | **15,911 ** | 15,476 | | TOTAL ASSETS | **24,322 ** | 23,084 |
LIABILITIES
| In millions of euros | 31/12/2025 | 31/12/2024 | | --- | --- | --- | | Share capital | 54 | 54 | | Share premium | 50 | 50 | | Treasury shares | (677) | (670) | | Reserves | 14,443 | 12,464 | | Foreign currency adjustments | (173) | 355 | | Revaluation adjustments | 621 | 471 | | Net income attributable to owners of the parent | 4,524 | 4,603 | | Equity attributable to owners of the parent | **18,840 ** | 17,327 | | Non-controlling interests | 6 | 7 | | Equity | **18,846 ** | 17,334 | | Borrowings and financial liabilities due in more than one year | 34 | 61 | | Lease liabilities due in more than one year | 1,987 | 1,781 | | Non-current provisions | 38 | 33 | | Post-employment and other employee benefit obligations due in more than one year | 146 | 173 | | Deferred tax liabilities | 14 | 5 | | Other non-current liabilities | 72 | 69 | | Non-current liabilities | **2,291 ** | 2,120 | | Borrowings and financial liabilities due in less than one year | 0 | 0 | | Lease liabilities due in less than one year | 325 | 332 | | Current provisions | 122 | 96 | | Post-employment and other employee benefit obligations due in less than one year | 19 | 16 | | Trade and other payables | 792 | 832 | | Financial derivatives | 61 | 161 | | Current tax liabilities | 452 | 773 | | Other current liabilities | 1,414 | 1,419 | | Current liabilities | **3,186 ** | 3,629 | | TOTAL EQUITY AND LIABILITIES | **24,322 ** | 23,084 |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
| In millions of euros | Number of shares | Share capital | Share premium | Treasury shares | Consolidated reserves and net income attributable to owners of the parent | Actuarial gains and losses | Foreign currency adjustments | Revaluation adjustments | | | | | | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | | Financial investments | Hedges of future cash flows in foreign currencies | Equity attributable to owners of the parent | Non-controlling interests | Equity | | As at 1 January 2024 | **105,569,412 ** | **54 ** | **50 ** | (698) | **15,130 ** | (75) | **189 ** | **521 ** | **32 ** | **15,201 ** | **2 ** | **15,203 ** | | Net income | - | - | - | - | 4,603 | - | - | - | - | 4,603 | 28 | 4,631 | | Other comprehensive income | - | - | - | - | - | (18) | 166 | 30 | (111) | 67 | 2 | 69 | | Comprehensive income | - | - | - | - | _4,603 _ | (18) | _166 _ | _30 _ | (111) | _4,670 _ | _29 _ | _4,700 _ | | Change in share capital and share premiums | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | Purchase or sale of treasury shares | - | - | - | 28 | (64) | - | - | - | - | (36) | - | (36) | | Share-based payments | - | - | - | - | 142 | - | - | - | - | 142 | - | 142 | | Dividends paid | - | - | - | - | (2,642) | - | - | - | - | (2,642) | (63) | (2,705) | | Other | - | - | - | - | (7) | (2) | - | - | - | (9) | 39 | 30 | | As at 31 December 2024 | **105,569,412 ** | **54 ** | **50 ** | (670) | **17,163 ** | (95) | **355 ** | **551 ** | (80) | **17,327 ** | **7 ** | **17,334 ** | | Net income | - | - | - | - | 4,524 | - | - | - | - | 4,524 | 36 | 4,560 | | Other comprehensive income | - | - | - | - | - | 9 | (525) | (25) | 174 | (367) | 2 | (365) | | Comprehensive income | - | - | - | - | _4,524 _ | _9 _ | (525) | (25) | _174 _ | 4,157 | 38 | _4,195 _ | | Change in share capital and share premiums | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | | Purchase or sale of treasury shares | - | - | - | (7) | (2) | - | - | - | - | (9) | - | (9) | | Share-based payments | - | - | - | - | 132 | - | - | - | - | 132 | - | 132 | | Dividends paid | - | - | - | - | (2,753) | - | - | - | - | (2,753) | (43) | (2,796) | | Other | - | - | - | - | (12) | - | (3) | - | - | (15) | 4 | (11) | | **AS AT ** 31 DECEMBER 2025 | **105,569,412 ** | **54 ** | **50 ** | (677) | **19,054 ** | (87) | (173) | **526 ** | **95 ** | **18,840 ** | **6 ** | **18,846 ** |
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS
| In millions of euros | 2025 | 2024 | | --- | --- | --- | | Net income attributable to owners of the parent | 4,524 | 4,603 | | Depreciation and amortisation of fixed assets, right-of-use assets and impairment losses | 926 | 844 | | Foreign exchange gains/(losses) on fair value adjustments | 79 | (56) | | Change in provisions | 27 | (29) | | Net income from associates | (47) | (44) | | Net income attributable to non-controlling interests | 36 | 28 | | Capital gains or losses on disposals and impact of changes in scope of consolidation | 3 | (2) | | Change in deferred tax | (45) | (93) | | Accrued expenses and income related to share-based payments | 132 | 142 | | Dividend income | (27) | (16) | | Other | (1) | 0 | | Operating cash flows | 5,607 | 5,378 | | Change in working capital requirements | (233) | (239) | | CASH FLOWS RELATED TO OPERATING ACTIVITIES (A) | 5,374 | 5,139 | | Operating investments | (1,161) | (1,067) | | Acquisitions of consolidated shares | (60) | (229) | | Acquisitions of other financial assets | (180) | (27) | | Disposals of operating assets | 1 | 1 | | Disposals of consolidated shares and impact of losses of control | - | - | | Disposals of other financial assets | 9 | 145 | | Change in payables and receivables related to investing activities | 39 | (49) | | Dividends received | 75 | 30 | | CASH FLOWS RELATED TO INVESTING ACTIVITIES (B) | (1,276) | (1,195) | | Dividends paid | (2,796) | (2,705) | | Repayment of lease liabilities | (332) | (305) | | Treasury share buybacks net of disposals | (8) | (37) | | Borrowing subscriptions | 8 | - | | Repayment of borrowings | (9) | (1) | | Other | 1 | 2 | | CASH FLOWS RELATED TO FINANCING ACTIVITIES (C) | (3,136) | (3,046) | | Foreign currency translation adjustment (D) | (364) | 119 | | CHANGE IN NET CASH POSITION (A) + (B) + (C) + (D) | 597 | 1,017 | | Net cash position at the beginning of the period | 11,642 | 10,625 | | Net cash position at the end of the period | 12,239 | 11,642 |
REMINDER_ – _FIRST HALF 2025 KEY FIGURES
| In millions of euros | H1 2025 | H1 2024 | | --- | --- | --- | | | | | | Revenue | 8,034 | 7,504 | | Growth at current exchange rates vs. n-1 | 7.1% | 12.0% | | _Growth at constant exchange rates vs. n-1 _(1) | 8.1% | 15.1% | | | | | | **Recurring operating income **(2) | 3,327 | 3,148 | | As a % of revenue | 41.4% | 42.0% | | | | | | Operating income | 3,327 | 3,148 | | As a % of revenue | 41.4% | 42.0% | | | | | | Net profit – Group share | 2,246 | 2,368 | | As a % of revenue * | 28.0% | 31.6% | | | | | | Operating cash flows | 2,733 | 2,829 | | | | | | Operating investments | 316 | 319 | | | | | | Adjusted free cash flows (3) | 1,847 | 1,776 | | | | | | Equity – Group share | 16,602 | 15,052 | | | | | | Net cash position (4) | 10,319 | 9,477 | | | | | | Restated net cash position (5) | 10,723 | 10,033 | | | | | | Workforce (number of employees) (6) | 25,697 | 23,874 |
(1) Growth at constant exchange rates is calculated by applying, for each currency, the average exchange rates of _the previous period to the revenue for the period. _
(2) _Recurring operating income is one of the main performance indicators monitored by __G__roup __M__anagement. It corresponds to operating income excluding non‑recurring items having a significant impact that may affect understanding of the group’s economic performance. _
(3) Adjusted free cash flows are the sum of cash flows related to operating activities, less operating investments and the repayment of lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16 (aggregates in the consolidated statement of cash flows).
(4) Net cash position includes cash and cash equivalents presented under balance sheet assets, less bank overdrafts which appear under short‑term borrowings and financial liabilities on the liabilities side. Net cash position does not include lease liabilities recognised in accordance with IFRS 16.
(5) _The restated net cash position corresponds to net cash plus cash investments that do not meet the IFRS criteria for cash equivalents due in particular to their original maturity of more than three months, less borrowings and financial liabilities. _
(6) Permanent + fixed‑term employment contracts with no length of service condition (23,242 published at the end of June 2024, excluding fixed-term contracts of less than 9 months, before the CSRD methodology change).
* 31.2% in the first half of 2025 after restatement of the exceptional contribution on the profits of large companies in France.
1 In economic intensity, as a percentage of gross margin
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