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Ekonomi AS mempercepat pertumbuhan di awal tahun 2026, tetapi perang di Iran memancarkan bayangan panjang atas apa yang akan datang.

Departemen Perdagangan mengatakan Kamis bahwa produk domestik bruto tumbuh sebesar 2% secara tahunan dari Januari hingga Maret, bangkit kembali dari pertumbuhan lemah sebesar 0,5% di tiga bulan terakhir tahun 2025.

Pemulihan ini sebagian disebabkan karena pemerintah federal memiliki ruang untuk mengeluarkan dana lagi setelah penutupan selama 43 hari yang menghambat pertumbuhan di akhir tahun lalu. Pengeluaran dan investasi pemerintah tumbuh sebesar 9,3% secara tahunan di kuartal pertama, menambah lebih dari setengah poin persentase terhadap pertumbuhan keseluruhan.

Ledakan AI meningkatkan investasi bisnis, pasar perumahan melemah

Pengeluaran konsumen menyumbang hingga 70% dari aktivitas ekonomi AS. Itu tumbuh 1,6% di kuartal pertama, yang lebih lambat dari angka tahun lalu sebesar 1,9%. Namun, yang menunjukkan kenaikan tajam adalah pengeluaran bisnis sebesar 8,7% secara tahunan, sebagian besar didorong oleh ledakan pengeluaran AI.

Namun, pasar perumahan tetap menjadi beban, dengan investasi residensial turun pada tingkat tahunan 8% untuk kuartal kelima berturut-turut. Impor melonjak sebesar 21,4% secara tahunan, mengurangi lebih dari 2,6 poin persentase dari pertumbuhan kuartal pertama.

Laporan ini mencakup periode yang termasuk sekitar sebulan pertempuran di Iran. Blokade Iran di Selat Hormuz, yang melalui jalur ini sekitar seperlima dari minyak dan gas dunia mengalir, telah mendorong harga energi lebih tinggi, memicu inflasi dan membebani konsumen. Rilis Kamis ini adalah yang pertama dari tiga perkiraan Departemen Perdagangan.

Powell sebut ekonomi tangguh dalam konferensi pers terakhir

Sehari sebelumnya, Ketua Federal Reserve Jerome Powell mengatakan ekonomi telah “sangat tangguh” menghadapi guncangan energi dan kemungkinan akan terus tumbuh di atas 2% tahun ini. Dalam konferensi pers terakhirnya sebagai ketua Fed, dia menunjuk pada konsumsi yang stabil dan pembangunan pusat data yang pesat sebagai pendorong utama.

“Pertumbuhan benar-benar solid di seluruh ekonomi kita,” kata Powell. “Beberapa di antaranya hanyalah permintaan yang tampaknya tak pernah puas terhadap pusat data di seluruh Amerika Serikat. Jadi banyak investasi bisnis yang masuk ke pembangunan pusat data, dan semua alasan untuk percaya bahwa itu akan terus berlanjut.”

Powell menambahkan bahwa inflasi seharusnya mereda sepanjang tahun seiring meredanya lonjakan harga yang didorong tarif tahun lalu. Tetapi Fed mempertahankan suku bunga acuannya tidak berubah di kisaran 3,50% hingga 3,75%, mengutip “tingkat ketidakpastian yang tinggi” dari konflik di Timur Tengah seperti yang dilaporkan Cryptopolitan. Pemotongan suku bunga Fed di akhir 2025 bertujuan melindungi pasar tenaga kerja, tetapi dengan suku bunga sekarang mendekati netral, pelonggaran lebih lanjut tampaknya tidak mungkin dalam waktu dekat.

IMF peringatkan risiko pemotongan suku bunga dan utang

Dana Moneter Internasional, yang menyelesaikan tinjauan tahunan terhadap ekonomi AS pada April, memperkirakan pertumbuhan PDB mencapai 2,4% di tahun 2026. Tetapi mereka memberi catatan hati-hati tentang kebijakan moneter, memperingatkan bahwa Fed memiliki sedikit ruang untuk memotong suku bunga tahun ini.

Kenaikan harga energi, terus terjadinya transfer biaya tarif ke inflasi inti, dan risiko harga komoditas yang lebih luas semuanya mengarah ke arah yang salah untuk pemotongan suku bunga. IMF mengatakan pelonggaran hanya akan dibenarkan jika pasar tenaga kerja melemah secara signifikan sementara inflasi menurun secara bersamaan.

Dana tersebut mencatat bahwa ekonomi AS berkinerja baik di tahun 2025, dengan pertumbuhan mencapai 2% meskipun ada penutupan pemerintah dan perubahan kebijakan. Tetapi mereka menyoroti kekhawatiran jangka panjang. Defisit pemerintah umum diperkirakan tetap berada di kisaran 7% hingga 7,5% dari PDB, dengan utang berpotensi melebihi 140% dari PDB pada tahun 2031.

IMF memperingatkan bahwa jalur fiskal ini menimbulkan risiko tidak hanya bagi AS tetapi juga bagi sistem keuangan global, mengingat peran sentral pasar Treasury AS di seluruh dunia.

Mengenai perdagangan, IMF mengakui bahwa ketidakpastian tarif diperkirakan akan membebani aktivitas AS dan berdampak negatif pada mitra dagang. Mereka mendesak Washington untuk bekerja sama dengan negara lain dalam mengurangi hambatan perdagangan dan mengatasi distorsi yang mendorong ketidakseimbangan global.

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