The boundaries of language are the boundaries of thought. There is no word for "filial piety" in English—only "love" and "care." Many people sometimes confuse "rights" and "power." In English, these are two completely different words: "rights" and "power"—crystal clear. "Critical thinking" translated into Chinese as "批判性思维" sounds particularly like a derogatory term, because the characters for "critique" easily evoke associations with nitpicking and negation. In English, it's neutral, even positive—meaning rational analysis and careful judgment. The opposite of this is uncritical thinking, and this translation is a typical example of cultural mistranslation. English also lacks a formal "you"—there's only "you," regardless of whether you're speaking to a child or an emperor, it's the same word. These so-called formal courtesies can create implicit relational hierarchies and power dynamics, which in turn give rise to issues of rights and boundaries.

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