On December 4, it was reported that Vitalik Buterin stated Ethereum will continue to enhance security and scalability through “hard invariants.” He reviewed the 2021 EIP-2929/3529, which increased SLOAD costs and reduced refunds; Dencun in 2024, which weakened SELFDESTRUCT; and the 2025 plan to set a single transaction limit at 16,777,216 gas, restricting the executable size per transaction or block, reducing DoS risk, and simplifying clients. He also suggested setting future limits for code byte access, ZK-EVM prover cycles, and memory pricing.