Many people think their problems are due to "lack of ability," "insufficient resources," or "bad luck," but in reality, the deeper issue is often a lack of precise judgment of the real world. Once a person can’t accurately describe reality, they can only use emotions to replace judgment. And the biggest feature of emotions is that they magnify ambiguity. Many “misfortunes” are not caused by the events themselves, but because: the problem is not clearly defined; misunderstandings of cause-and-effect relationships; distorted judgments of one’s own position; and a lack of ability to assess future probabilities. Then actions begin to take on a distorted form. Truly capable people may not be more hardworking than others, but they have a higher “resolution” in distinguishing the world. Once judgments become more precise, a person’s energy consumption drops sharply. Because they no longer waste energy fighting against themselves, no longer keep trying and failing to test things out, and are no longer led by imagined fears. This is the true power of cognition—the ability to gradually “name, structure, and make causal connections” out of a chaotic world.

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