Scalability and Security in Parallel: A Comprehensive Analysis of Ethereum Fusaka Upgrade and 12 EIPs

Author: @ChromiteMerge

Ethereum is scheduled to undergo a hard fork upgrade called “Fusaka” on December 3, 2025. This upgrade includes 12 Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), which are like precise components working together to enhance Ethereum’s scalability, security, and efficiency. Below, I will categorize these 12 EIPs and explain in simple terms what problems they address and why they are crucial for Ethereum’s future.

Scalability! Making Ethereum Faster and More Capacity

This is the core theme of the Fusaka upgrade. To support the global digital economy, Ethereum must solve transaction congestion and high fees. The following EIPs aim to achieve this, especially focusing on reducing costs and increasing efficiency for Layer 2 scaling solutions.

EIP-7594: PeerDAS - Data Availability Sampling

Problem: After the Dencun upgrade introduced “Blob” data for cheap Layer 2 data storage, a key issue arose: how to ensure the massive data is actually available? Currently, each validator downloads and verifies all blob data in a block. When a block carries up to 9 blobs, this is manageable. But if future blocks carry more (e.g., 128 blobs), downloading and verifying all blobs becomes costly, raising the barrier for validators and threatening decentralization.

Solution: PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) turns the traditional “check all” approach into “sampling.” Simply put:

2. The network slices the full blob data into pieces.

3. Validators don’t need to download all blobs—they randomly download and check only a few data slices.

4. Validators then cross-verify and exchange results to collectively confirm the data’s integrity and availability.

It’s like a big puzzle: everyone has only a few pieces, but by checking key connections, they can confirm the whole puzzle is complete. PeerDAS isn’t entirely new; its core idea has been successfully implemented in third-party projects like Celestia. Implementing PeerDAS fills a critical “tech debt” in Ethereum’s long-term scaling plan.

Significance: PeerDAS greatly reduces storage requirements for validators, clearing a major obstacle to large-scale data capacity expansion. In the future, each block could hold hundreds of blobs, supporting the Teragas vision of up to 10 million TPS, while allowing ordinary users to run validators and maintain decentralization.

EIP-7892: BPO Hard Fork - Lightweight Parameter Upgrade

Problem: Market demand for Layer 2 data capacity changes rapidly. Waiting for a major upgrade like Fusaka every time the blob limit needs adjustment is too slow and can’t keep pace with ecosystem growth.

Solution: This EIP defines a “Blob Parameter Only Hardfork” (BPO) mechanism. It’s a lightweight upgrade that only modifies a few parameters related to blobs (e.g., target blobs per block), without complex code changes. Node operators can simply accept new parameters at a specified time, similar to updating a configuration file online.

Significance: BPO enables Ethereum to quickly and safely adjust network capacity. For example, after Fusaka, the community plans two consecutive BPO upgrades to double blob capacity gradually. This allows flexible, on-demand scaling of blob space, smoothing out costs and throughput increases with manageable risks.

EIP-7918: Stable Blob Fee Market

Problem: The previous blob fee adjustment mechanism was too volatile. When demand was low, fees dropped near zero, failing to stimulate new demand and creating a “lowest price” anomaly. When demand surged, fees spiked, causing high costs. This “fee rollercoaster” made fee planning difficult for Layer 2 projects.

Solution: EIP-7918 proposes setting a reasonable price range for blob fees, with elastic minimums and maximums linked to Layer 2 execution fees. These execution fees—like updating state roots or verifying ZK proofs—are relatively stable and less affected by transaction volume. Tying blob fees to these stable anchors prevents wild fluctuations.

Significance: This prevents fee “internal competition,” making Layer 2 operational costs more predictable. Stable fees help projects set consistent, fair transaction costs, avoiding the “free today, expensive tomorrow” rollercoaster.

EIP-7935: Increasing Mainnet Transaction Capacity

Problem: The maximum transaction throughput is limited by the “block gas limit” (~30 million), which hasn’t been adjusted for years. Increasing this limit can boost throughput but must not compromise validator hardware requirements or decentralization.

Solution: This proposal suggests raising the default gas limit to a new recommended level (possibly 45 million or higher). It’s not mandatory but guides validators to accept higher limits gradually.

Significance: More transactions per block mean higher TPS and less network congestion and gas fees. However, higher limits also demand better hardware, so the community will proceed cautiously.

Security and Stability! Building a Robust Network

While expanding capacity, ensuring network security and stability is paramount. The Ethereum Foundation’s “Trillion Dollar Security” plan aims to create a network capable of securely handling assets worth trillions. Several EIPs in Fusaka support this goal, like installing better “brakes” and “guardrails.”

EIP-7934: Set Block Size Limit

Problem: Ethereum’s “block gas limit” only considers computational load, not physical size. Attackers can craft “data bombs”—large, low-cost transactions that inflate block size without much computation—causing slow propagation and potential DoS attacks.

Solution: Enforce a hard cap of 10MB per block. Any block exceeding this size is rejected.

Significance: Like regulating truck sizes on a highway, this prevents oversized data blocks from slowing down the network, ensuring faster propagation and better resilience.

EIP-7825: Set Per-Transaction Gas Limit

Problem: While total block gas is limited, individual transactions have no cap. A malicious actor could craft a single transaction consuming nearly all block resources, delaying others.

Solution: Limit each transaction to 16.77 million gas. Complex transactions exceeding this must be split.

Significance: Ensures fairness and predictability, preventing “big single transactions” from monopolizing block space.

EIP-7823 & EIP-7883: Secure ModExp Precompile

Problem: ModExp (modular exponentiation) is used in cryptography but has vulnerabilities: no input length limit and low gas cost for large inputs, enabling attacks.

Solutions:

• EIP-7823: Limit input length to 8192 bits.

• EIP-7883: Increase gas costs for large inputs, making attacks costly.

Significance: These measures remove attack vectors, ensuring the ModExp precompile is secure and resource-aware.

Developer Tools and Functionality Upgrades

Beyond scaling and security, Fusaka introduces new tools for developers to build more powerful applications.

EIP-7951: Support for Mainstream Hardware Signatures

Problem: Devices like iPhones, bank security keys, and hardware modules use secp256r1 (P-256), but Ethereum defaults to secp256k1. This mismatch limits hardware wallet integration.

Solution: Add a precompile contract supporting secp256r1 signature verification.

Significance: Opens the door for billions of devices to securely sign Ethereum transactions directly, lowering barriers and enhancing security for Web3 adoption.

EIP-7939: Efficient CLZ Instruction

Problem: Calculating leading zeros in 256-bit numbers is common in cryptography and ZK proofs but lacks a native opcode, leading to costly Solidity code.

Solution: Introduce a “CLZ” opcode in the EVM for direct, efficient computation.

Significance: Provides developers with a powerful tool, reducing gas costs and enabling more efficient cryptographic applications.

Invisible Network Optimizations for Long-Term Health

Two EIPs focus on network health and synchronization efficiency, though users may not notice immediate effects.

EIP-7642: Reduce Syncing Burden for New Nodes

Problem: As history grows, new nodes face huge data downloads, raising barriers. Also, some redundant data remains after The Merge.

Solution: Implement “data expiry” and streamline transaction receipts, allowing nodes to skip old data and reduce total download size by about 530GB.

Significance: Lowers the barrier for running full nodes, strengthening decentralization and resilience.

EIP-7917: Deterministic Block Proposal Order and Pre-Confirmation

Problem: Current Layer 2 rollups rely on centralized sequencers, risking censorship and MEV extraction. Moving to a more decentralized ordering via the L1 proposer introduces delays, hurting user experience.

Solution: Modify consensus to precompute and publish the proposer schedule, making future block proposers predictable and verifiable.

Significance: Enables “Based Rollup” models, allowing Layer 2 gateways to pre-approve transactions with security guarantees, combining decentralization with near-instant confirmation.

Why Is Fusaka the Right Upgrade Now?

Fusaka isn’t just a technical upgrade; it’s a strategic move amid the era of real-world asset (RWA) onboarding and stablecoins on Ethereum. Currently, Ethereum hosts over 56% of stablecoin supply, becoming the global digital dollar settlement layer. Fusaka aims to prepare Ethereum for Wall Street-scale assets and trading volumes.

• For enterprise Layer 2s, providing unlimited scaling “fuel”

As traditional finance enters crypto, we will see more Layer 2 “private chains” tailored for specific needs (e.g., KYC). These chains require Ethereum’s data availability for secure operation.

Fusaka’s proposals like EIP-7594, EIP-7892, and EIP-7918 are designed to drastically reduce data publishing costs and enable flexible scaling.

• Moving toward “Trillion Dollar Security” with a resilient financial infrastructure

For institutions managing trillions in assets, security is paramount. Fusaka’s EIPs like EIP-7934, EIP-7825, EIP-7823, and EIP-7883 reinforce the network’s defenses, closing potential vulnerabilities.

In summary, Fusaka’s core theme is clear: scalability and security. With favorable regulations and market momentum, this upgrade is timely. It will help Ethereum solidify its dominance in stablecoins and on-chain assets, transforming from a speculative asset to a mainstream financial infrastructure.

Conclusion: Deep and Steady Transformation

As a key upgrade at the end of 2025, Fusaka quietly injects strong internal momentum into Ethereum. Its 12 improvements target the main pain points of scaling, security, and efficiency. It broadens Ethereum’s “value highway,” boosting capacity and reliability, preparing for massive future adoption.

For ordinary users, these changes may seem subtle, but their impact will be profound. A stronger, faster, safer Ethereum can realize ambitious visions—instant global settlement networks or “On-Chain Wall Street.” Fusaka is a solid step toward that future.

This analysis is based on public information and does not constitute investment advice. Cryptocurrency investments carry significant risks; please DYOR and proceed cautiously.

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